Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important pathogens in maize and is a producer of fumonisin B1 (FB1). Although reports of its presence in wheat are scarce, the susceptibility of this cereal to fungus of the same genus motivates interest in investigating compounds present in the grain with inhibitory activity against this species. The aim of this study was to extract α‐amylase inhibitors from wheat and apply them in vitro to evaluate its effect on the development and expression of toxigenic potential of F. verticillioides. The α‐amylase inhibitors, both crude (P0) and purified (P1), were applied to in vitro culture containing a pathogen mycelium disc. Mycelial growth of the pathogen, glucosamine content, α‐amylase activity, and production of FB1 were investigated. All protein extracts of wheat showed the ability to inhibit pathogen growth, especially the extract P0 from cultivar Quartzo, which resulted in a reduction of glucosamine content (66%) and α‐amylase activity (84%). Furthermore, the protein inhibitors showed antifumonisin effect, reducing by 33 and 47% the mycotoxin production when applied as P0 and P1, respectively. These results suggest that α‐amylase inhibitor contributed to resistance against pathogen attack, acting in a diversified manner for each fungal species.
The antifungal activity from rice, oat and wheat crude proteic extracts on the development of Fusarium graminearum CQ244, Aspergillus flavus CCT 1217 and Rhizopus oryzae CCT 7560 was investigated intending to identify their potential as natural fungicides. The crude proteic extracts from cereals were prepared in ethanol and the antifungal properties were evaluated using the glucosamine, produced by the biomass as a response. F. graminearum was inhibited by wheat extracts, while that A. flavus was inhibited by oat extracts. R. oryzae was few inhibited. Proteic extracts in higher concentrations may be applied in field and/or storage, as natural antifungal. 43 ConclusionsThe results suggest that the proteic extracts from cereal wastes may be considered a suitable alternative to chemical pesticides if they could be recovery from the matrix. Their employ alone or in a mix could attend the needs for safety and satisfy the demand for natural components as preservative and allow the environment protection against chemical contamination. In subsequent studies, antifungal activity will be evaluated considering other properties that allow their application to prevent fungal contamination.Wheat extract were more efficient at the Aspergillus flavus inhibition, while the oat extracts inhibited Fusarium graminearum up to 50%.
A melhoria nas práticas de higiene e produção de alimentos é importante para a segurança alimentar, além da necessidade de aplicação de conservantes de tipos e níveis corretos. A pizza é um dos alimentos que sofre intensa manipulação durante o processamento o que contribui para sua contaminação, perda de qualidade e um intervalo restrito de vida útil. Em vista disto, o objetivo do trabalho foi aplicar em pizzas compostos fenólicos extraídos do farelo de arroz fermentado pelo fungo Rhizopus oryzae e da microalga Spirulina sp. LEB-18 como conservantes. As soluções etanólicas de compostos fenólicos extraídos das matrizes borrifados nas pizzas estavam nas concentrações de 1,1 e 1,2 mg/gamostra, respectivamente, para o farelo de arroz fermentado e S. platensis LEB-18. Como controle foi empregado solução de água e etanol nas mesmas proporções. Os extratos fenólicos do farelo de arroz fermentado e da microalga Spirulina sp. LEB-18 foram eficientes inibidores frente a multiplicação fúngica nas massas de pizza comparados ao conservante químico e o controle.
ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to apply a natural extract derived from the biomass of fermented rice bran as conservative, aiming to increase the shelf life of pizza doughs. The substrate, rice bran, was placed in tray bioreactors and inoculated with Rhizopus oryzae, whose initial concentration was 4 x 10 6 spores g -1 of bran fungus. The phenolic extracts, in average concentration of 2.47 mg g -1 , were applied on the pizzas doughts stored at room temperature. These pizza doughs treated increased by more than ten days life compared with those that were applied conventional conservatives. Thus, this extract phenolic derivative of rice bran showed to be promise as conservative, with results that indicate less fungal contamination as glucosamine, score of molds and yeasts, and invertase enzyme activity in 17.66 μg g , respectively.
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