The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a substantial threat to the international health sector and the global economy. As of 26 December 2021, the number of mortalities resulting from COVID-19 exceeded 5.3 million worldwide. The absence of an effective non-vaccine treatment has prompted the quest for prophylactic agents that can be used to combat COVID-19. This study presents the feasibility of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) spike SARS-CoV-2 as a strong candidate to neutralize the virus for application in passive immunization. For the purpose of preclinical studies, we radiolabeled IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 with radionuclide iodine-131. This allowed us to evaluate several biological characteristics of IgY in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. The preclinical data suggest that IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 could specifically bind to the SARS-CoV-2 antigens; however, little uptake was observed in normal cells (MRC-5) (<2%). Furthermore, the ex vivo biodistribution study revealed that IgY predominantly accumulated in the trachea of normal mice compared to other organs. We also found that IgY possessed a good safety profile when used as an intranasal agent. Taken together, we propose that IgY anti-RBD spike SARS-CoV-2 has the potential for application in passive immunization against COVID-19.
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk produced by cows after giving birth. It has been used to treat human diseases, such as infections, inflammations, and cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that bovine lactoferrin and bovine antibodies seem to be the most important bioactive constituents in BC. Thus, BC has also been reviewed for its potential to deliver short-term protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, it can potentially be explored as a precursor for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. To date, several bioactive peptides have been isolated from BC, including casocidin-1, casecidin 15 and 17, isracidin, caseicin A, B, and C. Like other peptides, bioactive peptides derived from BC could be used as a valuable precursor for radiopharmaceuticals either for diagnosis or therapy purposes. This review provides bovine colostrum’s biological activities and a perspective on the potential use of peptides from BC for developing radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine.
AbstrakPenelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penggunaan silase sinambung jerami jagung terhadap, nilai pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), amonia (NH 3 ), produksi gas total dan produksi biomassa mikroba sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia secara in vitro. Rancangan percobaan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap Pola Faktorial 3x6 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama dalam rancangan penelitian ini adalah pakan perlakuan yaitu pakan kontrol (P1), jerami jagung (P2) dan silase sinambung jerami jagung (P3) dan faktor kedua adalah waktu inkubasi selama fermentasi in vitro yaitu 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 dan 24 jam (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 dan T6). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik pakan perlakuan maupun waktu inkubasi tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (p>0,05) terhadap nilai pH, VFA, NH 3 , produksi gas total dan produksi biomassa mikroba serta tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan pakan dengan waktu inkubasi. Secara numerik, kisaran pH perlakuan adalah 6,89 -7,05; konsentrasi VFA sebesar 107-110 mM, konsentrasi amonia 23,92 -29,88 mg/100 ml, produksi gas total sebesar 27,47 -46,31 ml/200 mg dan produksi biomassa mikroba sebesar 40,60 -56,80 mg/20 ml. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah baik jerami jagung maupun silase sinambung jerami jagung dapat digunakan sebagai pakan ternak karena mampu memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi ternak ruminansia ditinjau dari produksi gas dan fermentasi pakan dalam rumen. Kata kunci: silase sinambung jerami jagung, amonia, VFA, produksi gas in vitro. AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of corn straw silage at pH value, volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia (NH3), total gas production and microbial biomass production as ruminants feed by in vitro method. The experimental design in this study was Factorial Completely Randomized Design 3x6 with 3 replications. The first factor in the design of this study was feed treatment, they are control feed (P1), corn straw (P2) and silage continuous corn straw (P3) and the second factor was incubation time during in vitro fermentation, 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6). The results showed that neither feed treatment nor incubation time gave significant effect (p> 0,05) to pH value, VFA, NH 3 , total gas production and microbial biomass production and no interaction between feed treatment and incubation time. Numerically, the treatment pH range was 6.89 -7.05; VFA concentrations range was 107-110 mM, ammonia concentrations range was 23.92 -29.88 mg / 100 ml, total gas production range was 27. 47 -46.31 ml / 200 mg and microbial biomass production range was 40.60 -56.80 mg / 20 ml. Conclusion in this research is both corn straw and corn straw silage can be used as animal feed because able to fulfill requirement of ruminant livestock nutrition in terms of gas production and fermentation of feed in rumen.
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