Processes of juridification are a defining feature of late modern war. But geographic accounts of war have generally not considered the role that law plays in shaping its conduct. This paper explores the juridification of war using the concept of lawfare. Lawfare may signal an intensification and shift in the relationship between war and law, but I argue that understanding the nature and extent of these changes requires a careful examination of the historical geographies of war, law and lawfare. Drawing from critical legal approaches I offer a preliminary geographical and historical theorization of lawfare so that we may better understand the relationship between war and law today.

Here we present ecophysiological studies of the anaerobic sulfide oxidizers considered critical to cryptic sulfur cycling in oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). We find that HS oxidation rates by microorganisms in the Chilean OMZ offshore from Dichato are sufficiently rapid (18 nM h), even at HS concentrations well below 100 nM, to oxidize all sulfide produced during sulfate reduction in OMZs. Even at 100 nM, HS is well below published half-saturation concentrations and we conclude that the sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in OMZs (likely the SUP05/ARTIC96BD lineage of the gammaproteobacteria) have high-affinity (>10 g wet cells h) sulfur uptake systems. These specific affinities for sulfide are higher than those recorded for any other organism on any other substrate. Such high affinities likely allow anaerobic sulfide oxidizers to maintain vanishingly low sulfide concentrations in OMZs driving marine cryptic sulfur cycling. If more broadly distributed, such high-affinity sulfur biochemistry could facilitate sulfide-based metabolisms and prominent S-cycles in many other ostensibly sulfide-free environments.

This study evaluates rates and pathways of methane (CH4) oxidation and uptake using 14C‐based tracer experiments throughout the oxic and anoxic waters of ferruginous Lake Matano. Methane oxidation rates in Lake Matano are moderate (0.36 nmol L−1 day−1 to 117 μmol L−1 day−1) compared to other lakes, but are sufficiently high to preclude strong CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere. In addition to aerobic CH4 oxidation, which takes place in Lake Matano's oxic mixolimnion, we also detected CH4 oxidation in Lake Matano's anoxic ferruginous waters. Here, CH4 oxidation proceeds in the apparent absence of oxygen (O2) and instead appears to be coupled to some as yet uncertain combination of nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), iron (Fe) or manganese (Mn), or sulfate (SO42−) reduction. Throughout the lake, the fraction of CH4 carbon that is assimilated vs. oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) is high (up to 93%), indicating extensive CH4 conversion to biomass and underscoring the importance of CH4 as a carbon and energy source in Lake Matano and potentially other ferruginous or low productivity environments.

Shedding of BHV1, BVDV1, and BVDV2 after vaccination was either nonexistent or undetected and did not result in transmission of BHV1, BVDV1, or BVDV2 vaccine viruses to pregnant contact control cows.