International audienceThe Yacouba layered complex intrudes the Archean (3.5–2.7 Ga) Kenema-Man craton in the Samapleu-Yorodougou area, western Ivory Coast. In Samapleu area, the complex was recognized in drill holes at three locations: Samapleu Main (SM); Samapleu Extension 1 (E1) and Yorodougou (Yo). It comprises websterites, peridotites and gabbro-norites arranged symmetrically with mafic layers at the center and ultramafic layers at both margins. The complex is inclined at 70–80° to the SE. The thickness of individual layers varies from 2 to 60 m and the total thickness is 120 to 200 m. At the E1 site, the complex extends to depths > 500 m. Contacts with the country rock gneiss are characterized by a hybrid zone that is a few meters thick and composed of plagioclase-orthopyroxene bearing metabasites, and locally (E1 site) a metamorphic assemblage of sapphirine-cordierite-sillimanite-spinel ± rutile. This assemblage is attributed to contact metamorphism during intrusion of the complex in the lower crust at a depth of about 25 km. Zircons in country rock gneisses and granulites, as well as in the hybrid facies, yield Archean ages of ~ 2.78 Ga, similar to ages reported in the Man craton. Rutiles in the hybrid zone give a U-Pb age of 2.09 Ga, which is interpreted as the age of contact metamorphism and emplacement of the intrusion. The Samapleu Main and Samapleu Extension 1 sites contain Ni and Cu sulfide deposit with reserves estimated as more than 40 million tons grading 0.25% Ni and 0.22% Cu (Sama Nickel-CI, August 2013). The Ni-Cu mineralization is composed of pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and rare pyrite, which is disseminated mainly in pyroxenite or occurs as subvertical and semi-massive to massive sulfide veins. The sulfide textures range from matrix ore, net-textured, droplets or breccia textures. Zones enriched in PGM, particularly Pd, are associated with the sulfides and several chromite bands are also present. These observations suggest that an immiscible sulfide liquid formed from a parental silicate liquid and percolated through the crystal pile. The parental melt composition, determined using the Chai and Naldrett [1992] method, has a SiO2-rich mafic composition with 53% SiO2 and 10% MgO. This result, the presence of the hybrid zone, and the trace-element signature determined using the Bedard [1994] method, suggest a mantle-derived basaltic parental magma that had assimilated abundant continental crust. These observations indicate that Samapleu intrusion corresponds to a magmatic conduit of the Yacouba complex as at Jinchuan (China), Voisey’s bay (Canada), Kabanga (Tanzania) or Nkomati (South Africa)
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Diversité s phé notypique et morphomé trique des poulets locaux (Gallus gallus) de deux zones agroé cologiques de Cô te d'Ivoire* Ré sumé Avec comme objectif une meilleure gestion des ressources génétiques avicoles, une caractérisation phénotypique et morphométrique de l'espèce Gallus gallus domesticus a été entreprise dans deux zones agroécologiques (forêt et savane) de Côte d'Ivoire. Un échantillon de 439 poules et 193 coqs a été photographié, décrit et mesuré individuellement. Une grande variabilité phénotypique dans la coloration et le dessin du plumage de ces poulets a été observée. Les colorations les plus fréquentes ont été le blanc (11,0 % en forêt ; 11,6 % en savane) chez les coqs et poules, le rouge du corps avec une queue noire (9,3 % en forêt ; 6,7 % en savane) chez les coqs et la couleur perdrix (8,7 % en forêt ; 6,4 % en savane) chez les poules. Les poulets noirs étaient plus présents en zone de forêt (9,8 %) qu'en zone de savane (3,3 %) à l'inverse des poulets de couleur fauve ou rouge (5,5 % en forêt ; 9,2 % en savane). L'allèle E exprimant le noir étendu est fortement présent (34,8 %) dans cette population. Les mutations frisé, huppe et cou nu de fréquences respectives 2,4 % ; 2,5 % et 1,9 % ont été observées. Un dimorphisme de poids vif (38,5 %) a été observé entre les mâles et les femelles. Le poids vif a été fortement corrélé au périmètre thoracique avec un coefficient de 0,86. Les populations de poulets des deux zones agroécologiques ne peuvent pas être différenciées. Différents gènes de coloration assurent une grande diversité de leur plumage qui joue un important rôle socioculturel.
The debate about innetivism is not a new subject in philosophy. From the earlier philosophers up to the recent ones, the main question that remains is: men are born with some ideas or we only know through experience? In this study, the emphasis will not be the process of human knowledge but the controversy in the objection of Locke to the innate Idea. From the beginning of his objection, John Locke shows that we are born with empty mind. Then through experience we build the knowledge little by little. But later on, Locke recognizes that it's also possible that children may have some ideas from the womb. They may experience wants, diseases, hunger, and heat. To him many of those ideas which were produced in the minds of children, in the beginning of their sensation, if they are not repeated in future, then they are quite lost. If we choose the fact that people are born with ideas from pre-experience, that view is more scientific and more logical than the religious view of Plato. The paper concludes that even though there is no complete agreement on how innate ideas are made, we did not come in the world with blank mind and what is important is not how innate ideas have been made but their existence and application in life.
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