SummarySpindle positioning is an essential feature of asymmetric cell division. The conserved PAR proteins together with heterotrimeric G proteins control spindle positioning in animal cells, but how these are linked is not known. In C. elegans, PAR protein activity leads to asymmetric spindle placement through cortical asymmetry of Gα regulators GPR-1/2. Here, we establish that the casein kinase 1 gamma CSNK-1 and a PIP2 synthesis enzyme (PPK-1) transduce PAR polarity to asymmetric Gα regulation. PPK-1 is posteriorly enriched in the one-celled embryo through PAR and CSNK-1 activities. Loss of CSNK-1 causes uniformly high PPK-1 levels, high symmetric cortical levels of GPR-1/2 and LIN-5, and increased spindle pulling forces. In contrast, knockdown of ppk-1 leads to low GPR-1/2 levels and decreased spindle forces. Furthermore, loss of CSNK-1 leads to increased levels of PIP2. We propose that asymmetric generation of PIP2 by PPK-1 directs the posterior enrichment of GPR-1/2 and LIN-5, leading to posterior spindle displacement.

Phosphorylation of SPAT-1/Bora by Cdk1 enhances Plk1 phosphorylation by Aurora A and promotes entry into mitosis in C. elegans.

During asymmetric cell division, cell polarity and cell cycle progression are tightly coordinated, yet mechanisms controlling both these events are poorly understood. Here we show that the Bora homologue SPAT-1 regulates both PAR polarity and cell cycle progression in C. elegans embryos. We find that, similarly to mammalian cells, SPAT-1 acts with PLK-1 and not with the mitotic kinase Aurora A (AIR-1), as shown in Drosophila. SPAT-1 binds to PLK-1, and depletion of SPAT-1 or PLK-1 leads to similar cell division defects in early embryos, which differ from the defects caused by depletion of AIR-1. Additionally, SPAT-1 and PLK-1 depletion causes impaired polarity with abnormal length of the anterior and posterior PAR domains, and partial plk-1(RNAi) or spat-1(RNAi), but not air-1(RNAi), can rescue the lethality of a par-2 mutant. SPAT-1 is enriched in posterior cells, and this enrichment depends on PAR polarity and PLK-1. Taken together, our data suggest a model in which SPAT-1 promotes the activity of PLK-1 to regulate both cell polarity and cell cycle timing during asymmetric cell division, providing a link between these two processes

The conserved Bora protein is a Plk1 activator, essential for checkpoint recovery after DNA damage in human cells. Here, we show that Bora interacts with Cyclin B and is phosphorylated by Cyclin B/Cdk1 at several sites. The first 225 amino acids of Bora, which contain two Cyclin binding sites and three conserved phosphorylated residues, are sufficient to promote Plk1 phosphorylation by Aurora A in vitro. Mutating the Cyclin binding sites or the three conserved phosphorylation sites abrogates the ability of the N terminus of Bora to promote Plk1 activation. In human cells, Bora-carrying mutations of the three conserved phosphorylation sites cannot sustain mitotic entry after DNA damage. In C. elegans embryos, mutation of the three conserved phosphorylation sites in SPAT-1, the Bora ortholog, results in a severe mitotic entry delay. Our results reveal a crucial and conserved role of phosphorylation of the N terminus of Bora for Plk1 activation and mitotic entry.

Decisions of when and where to divide are crucial for cell survival and fate, and for tissue organization and homeostasis. The temporal coordination of mitotic events during cell division is essential to ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the genome. The spatial coordination of these events is also crucial because the cytokinetic furrow must be aligned with the axis of chromosome segregation and, in asymmetrically dividing cells, the polarity axis. Several recent papers describe how cell shape and polarity are coordinated with cell division in single cells and tissues and begin to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms, revealing common principles and molecular players. Here, we discuss how cells regulate the spatial and temporal coordination of cell polarity with cell division

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