Le sorgho, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, est une importante ressource alimentaire au Bénin. Sa culture est essentiellement pratiquée au centre et au nord du pays. Afin de mieux comprendre le niveau de diversité et les systèmes traditionnels de gestion et de conservation des variétés locales cultivées au Nord-Ouest du pays, une enquête basée sur une approche participative de recherche a été conduite dans 13 villages régulièrement distribués dans la zone. Au total, 45 variétés locales (61 noms vernaculaires) ont été inventoriées, présageant d'une grande diversité génétique du sorgho dans le milieu. Le nombre moyen de variétés locales inventoriées est de cinq par village et de deux par ménage. La distribution des variétés à travers la zone d'étude a été déterminée et les principaux facteurs y afférant étudiés. La couleur des grains, la durée du cycle végétatif ou la valeur marchande sont les plus importants critères utilisés par les producteurs pour la dénomination, l'identification, la classification et la sélection des variétés. Les systèmes traditionnels de sélection et de gestion des semences varient substantiellement d'un village à un autre et d'une ethnie à l'autre. Aussi, l'étude-a-t-elle révélé l'existence dans certains villages d'une menace de disparition des variétés à cycle végétatif long et à grains blancs. Des efforts concertés devraient donc être déployés pour la valorisation et la préservation des ressources génétiques de cette céréale afin d'accroître sa production pour une meilleure sécurité alimentaire au Bénin.
Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) threatens cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) production in Africa. A total of 24 selected cultivars were screened against CMD using combined molecular and greenhouse grafting tools. Disease severity was recorded for 10 weeks after inoculation and the molecular markers associated with CMD2 were detected by PCR. CMD severity significantly differed ( P < 0.0001) among cultivars. Twelve cultivars were morphologically resistant and eight of these possessed CMD2 and four did not. These results suggest that there are several CMD-resistant cassava cultivars that could be recommended for on-farm production and for conservation and breeding programs.
BackgroundCassava is an important crop in Africa that is widely cultivated for its starchy tuberous root, which constitutes a major source of dietary carbohydrates. Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is the most devastating disease affecting cassava in Africa and causes enormous losses in yield. In Benin, specifically, cultivars resistant to CMD are not commonly planted, and even when CMD is observed in fields, farmers do not implement control measures, presumably because they lack proper knowledge and training. Our study aimed to evaluate farmers’ knowledge of CMD to determine whether there is consistency between farmers’ criteria for selecting cassava cultivars and the currently CMD-recommended cassava varieties.MethodsWe conducted structured interviews with 369 farmers in 20% of townships in each of three agro-ecological zones in Benin between November 2015 and February 2016. Farmers were selected randomly in each household, and their fields were assessed for CMD incidence and severity.ResultsAll farmers surveyed, representing a broad demographic pool with regard to education level, age group, and years of experience in cassava production, successfully recognized CMD symptoms in photos, but most (98.60%) said they did not know the causes and vectors of the disease. Most farmers (93.51%) reported that they obtain planting material from neighboring fields or their own fields. In total, 52 unique cultivars were identified, of which 3 (5.76%) were preferred based on their yield and precocity and 3 (5.76%) were preferred based on taste or ability for transformation. The assessment of disease incidence and severity showed that the areas most affected by CMD were Comè Township (37.77% of fields affected) and agro-ecological zone VIII (26.33%).ConclusionFarmers already know how to recognize the symptoms of CMD and could implement control measures against it if they are trained by researchers. Across all surveyed areas, we identified six preferred cultivars based on the four most commonly stated preference criteria (precocity, yield, gari, and taste. Our results suggest that farmers will be more likely to use CMD-resistant cultivars and clean plant material if the plants meet their existing preference criteria. We suggest that CMD-resistant cultivars will be embraced only if the recommended cultivars are strategically aligned with the characteristics desirable to the cassava farmers in each region.
Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiacée) est une plante à racine amylacée d'une grande importance économique. La multiplication par voie végétative bien que favorisant une grande homogénéité génétique demeure le principal facteur d'attaque par les ravageurs. Ce travail vise à analyser les effets de différentes combinaisons hormonales sur l'organogenèse in vitro de quelques cultivars locaux et variétés améliorées du Bénin. Les microboutures uninodales sont désinfectées et mises en culture dans les milieux de base MS (Murashige et Skoog) additionnés de différentes combinaisons de régulateurs de croissance : ANA (acide naphtalène α-acétique); (BAP) (benzylaminopurine); kinétine. Les effets des différentes combinaisons ont été étudiés sur les paramètres de croissance après huit semaines de culture. la combinaison (MS+ANA) a permis d'obtenir les moyennes les plus élevées de caulogenèse (8,62±0,8 cm) et de phyllogenèse (5,5±0,3) chez le cultivar Ahouandjan, alors que la combinaison (MS+KIN) a donné l'effet contraire chez la variété 92/0057 avec une hauteur (0,14±0 cm) et une phyllogenèse (1,30±0,1). Le nombre moyen élevé de racines formées (4,0±0,5) a été obtenu chez le cultivar Agric Sazoué sur la combinaison (ANA+KIN) pendant qu'on obtenait la longueur moyenne la plus élevée de racine chez le cultivar Ahouandjan (6,30±0,7 cm) sur le milieu (MS+ANA). Ces résultats permettront d'améliorer les techniques de production de vitroplants utilisés pour semence.
Detarium microcarpum (Caesalpiniaceae) is a West African economic significant priority fruit tree species. In Benin, the species is overexploited in many ecological regions, while very little research focuses on its viability and conservation of its genetic diversity. In the perspective of the biodiversity sustainable use, this work aimed at determining the use value of different organs and its impact on the species' vulnerability. Thus, 202 respondents were surveyed and information regarding utilization of the different organs were collected. Data were used to evaluate each organ's utilization frequency and the vulnerability index for the species. Results indicated that locals use D. microcarpum in food, medicine, handcrafting and spiritual applications. It is also valued as fire and technological wood as well as like animal forage. The utilization frequency varies between 2.5 (for the fruits) and 83.20% (for the wood). This intensive wood utilization explains the high vulnerability: 2.67. Only administratively preserved and sacred forests still harbour adult individuals. It is, therefore, urgent to include these vulnerability data in any management strategy for a better use and conservation for D. microcarpum.
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