No abstract

Lines of peas (no. = 213) grown in the same location were analysed for 1000 seed weight, protein, starch, fat, sugars, ashes and fibre content. Some 54 lines of peas out of the total 213 were grown in large amounts and analysed for the same criteria and also for amino acids, legumin, vicilin, lectins, trypsin inhibitor activity, carbohydrates, fatty acids, tannins, saponins. The lines have been arranged into four categories according to the shape, colour, weight, chemical composition and end uses of the seeds. Feed peas and garden peas are round and have similar composition in terms of protein, starch and fibre contents; they are tannin-free and have variable trypsin inhibitor activity. Coloured peas have also a round shape but differ from the feed and garden peas principally by tannins and also by lower starch, higher protein, higher fibre contents. Wrinkled peas differ from the feed and garden peas by lower starch, higher protein, higher fibre, higher lipid contents and their starch is characterized by a higher amylose/amylopectine ratio.

The nutritional value of different categories of peas was measured in mash or pelleted diets using adult cockerels. Twenty-five round and white-flowered peas (feed peas), 12 round and coloured-flowered peas and five wrinkled and white-flowered peas were used in mash diets. From the same batches, 11 feed peas, five coloured peas and four wrinkled peas were tested in pelleted diets.Mean apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were 12·02, 11·35 and 10·50 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) for feed peas, coloured peas and wrinkled peas respectively in mash diets and 13·18, 12·72 and 11·63 MJ/kg DM for the same categories in pelleted diets.Mean starch digestibility was 0·905, 0·887 and 0·802 for feed peas, coloured peas and wrinkled peas respectively in mash diets and 0·985, 0·984 and 0·840 for these categories in pelleted diets.Mean protein digestibility was 0·788, 0·643 and 0·798 for feed peas, coloured peas and wrinkled peas respectively in mash diets and corresponding values for peas in pelleted diets were 0·855, 0·743 and 0·853.Pelleting thus had a positive effect on the nutritional value of peas and this improvement was all the more important because the AME and protein digestibility of the pea in mash diets was low.The nutritional value of feed peas for cockerels was not strongly correlated with chemical composition or to digestibility data obtained in the pig.

Rapeseed meal is a cheap and abundant raw material, particularly rich in phenolic compounds of biotechnological interest. In this study, we developed a two-step bioconversion process of naturally occurring sinapic acid (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid) from rapeseed meal into canolol by combining the complementary potentialities of two filamentous fungi, the micromycete Aspergillus niger and the basidiomycete Neolentinus lepideus. Canolol could display numerous industrial applications because of its high antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. In the first step of the process, the use of the enzyme feruloyl esterase type-A (named AnFaeA) produced with the recombinant strain A. niger BRFM451 made it possible to release free sinapic acid from the raw meal by hydrolysing the conjugated forms of sinapic acid in the meal (mainly sinapine and glucopyranosyl sinapate). An amount of 39 nkat AnFaeA per gram of raw meal, at 55 °C and pH 5, led to the recovery of 6.6 to 7.4 mg of free sinapic acid per gram raw meal, which corresponded to a global hydrolysis yield of 68 to 76% and a 100% hydrolysis of sinapine. Then, the XAD2 adsorbent (a styrene and divinylbenzene copolymer resin), used at pH 4, enabled the efficient recovery of the released sinapic acid, and its concentration after elution with ethanol. In the second step, 3-day-old submerged cultures of the strain N. lepideus BRFM15 were supplied with the recovered sinapic acid as the substrate of bioconversion into canolol by a non-oxidative decarboxylation pathway. Canolol production reached 1.3 g/L with a molar yield of bioconversion of 80% and a productivity of 100 mg/L day. The same XAD2 resin, when used at pH 7, allowed the recovery and purification of canolol from the culture broth of N. lepideus. The two-step process used mild conditions compatible with green chemistry.

Nineteen round white-feed peas (FP) varieties, six coloured-flowered peas (CP) varieties and four wrinkled white-flowered peas (WP) varieties were given to growing pigs in order to measure their feeding value. Mean values of energy apparent digestibility measured at the faecal level of FP, CP and WP were respectively 0·886, 0·812 and 0·823. Mean values for digestible energy were 16·34, 1506 and 15·60 M]l kg dry matter. Mean values of faecal apparent digestibility of protein were 0·840, 0·760 and 0·828. The lower energy and crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility of CP relative to FP can be explained by their higher fibre content and by the presence of condensed tannins whilst the lower energy and CP apparent digestibility in WP relative to FP can be explained by their higher fibre content, their lower starch content and their higher amylosel amylopectine ratio. Among the feed peas, there was no difference between peas with low trypsin inhibitor activity and peas with medium trypsin inhibitor activity.

Quiniou, N., Quinsac, A., Crepon, K., Evrard, J., Peyronnet, C., Bourdillon, A., Royer, E. and Etienne, M. 2012. Effects of feeding 10% rapeseed meal (Brassica napus) during gestation and lactation over three reproductive cycles on the performance of hyperprolific sows and their litters. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 513-524. Largely due to increased production of biodiesel, there is a greater availability of solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (RM) in France, making it competitive for feeding pigs. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of dietary glucosinolates (GSL) when feeding RM on sow reproductive and litter performance are a persistent concern to feed manufacturers. Four batches of 24 hyperprolific sows were fed to evaluate the effects of including 0 or 10% RM [14.5 mu mol GLS g(-1) dry matter (DM) basis] in the gestation and lactation diets over three reproductive cycles. Intake of dietary GLS remained below 5 mmol d(-1) over the gestation period and averaged 8 mmol d(-1) over the lactation period, corresponding to less than 2 mu mol GLS g(-1) DM basis. Lactation feed intake, sow body weight and backfat, and the length of the weaning-to-estrus interval were not different (P > 0.05) between treatment groups. Sows fed diets with 10% or no RM farrowed 43.6 and 43.8 piglets over three reproductive cycles, respectively (P > 0.10). Piglet weight at birth or weaning, survival and litter weight gain were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary RM inclusion. Similar (P > 0.05) plasma thyroxin levels of sows and piglets indicated that thyroid function was not altered by RM inclusion. In conclusion, feeding gestation and lactation diets including 10% RM to hyper prolific sows over three parities was safe and did not affect sow longevity, reproductive or litter performance

The optimization of dietary phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) supply requires a better understanding of the effect of dietary fiber content of co-products on the digestive utilization of minerals. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary fiber content from 00-rapeseed meal (RSM) on P and Ca digestibility throughout the gastrointestinal tract in growing pigs fed diets without or with microbial phytase. In total, 48 castrated male pigs (initial BW=36.1±0.4 kg) were housed in metabolic crates for 29 days. After an 8-day adaptation period, pigs were allocated to one of the eight treatments. The impact of dietary fiber was modulated by adding whole RSM (wRSM), dehulled RSM (dRSM) or dRSM supplemented with 4.5% or 9.0% rapeseed hulls (dRSMh1 and dRSMh2). Diets contained 0 or 500 phytase unit of microbial phytase per kg. From day 14 to day 23, feces and urine were collected separately to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent retention (AR) of P and Ca. At the end of the experiment, femurs and digestive contents were sampled. No effect of variables of interest was observed on growth performance. Microbial phytase increased ATTD and AR of P (P<0.001) but the P equivalency with the wRSM diet was lower than expected. Moreover, stomach inorganic P (iP) solubility was improved by microbial phytase (P<0.001). The ATTD of Ca was not affected by microbial phytase which increased AR of Ca and femur characteristics (P<0.05). Ileal recovery of P was not affected by microbial phytase but cecal recovery was considerably reduced by microbial phytase (P<0.001). The decrease in digesta pH between the distal ileum and cecum (7.6 v. 5.9) enhanced the solubility of iP and may have improved its absorption, as supported by the negative relationship between soluble iP and pH (R 2=0.40, P<0.001 without microbial phytase and R 2=0.24, P=0.026 with microbial phytase). The inclusion of hulls improved the solubility of iP (P<0.05). In conclusion, dehulling does not largely increase nutrient digestibility although dRSM seems to improve the efficacy of microbial phytase in releasing phosphate in the stomach. Moreover, dietary fiber may affect solubilization process in the cecum which potentiates the effect of microbial phytase on P digestibility.

Zusammenfassung Vergleich von vier Erbsen‐Varietäten für die Ernährung von Schweinen Vier Pisum sativum L.‐Varietäten wurden ausgewählt, die große Unterschiede im Gehalt an Antitrypsinfaktoren aufweisen: die Antitrypsinaktivitäten betrugen 2,9; 2,4; 9,7 und 12,8 T.U.I./mg in Solara, H 61, Laser und Frijaune. An vier kastrierten 35 bis 80 kg schweren intakten Schweinen wurde die scheinbare fäkale Energieverdaulichkeit bestimmt, und an drei Kastraten, mit einem Lebendgewicht von 40 bis 60 kg, ausgestattet mit einer termino‐terminalen, ileorektalen Anastomose, wurde die scheinbare ileale Protein‐ und Aminosäurenverdaulichkeit festgestellt. Außerdem wurden die Leistungen von 384 Ferkeln, 8 bis 25 kg Lebendgewicht, bei ad lib. Fütterung mit Rationen, die 40% Solara, H 61, Laser oder Frijaune enthielten, gemessen. Zwischen den scheinbaren Energieverdaulichkeiten der vier Erbsenvarietäten bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied (mittlerer Energiegehalt: 16,8 MJ/kg T.S.). Die ilealen Verdaulichkeiten von Protein und Aminosäuren schienen durch den ADF‐Gehalt und die Antitrypsinaktivitäten der Varietäten negativ beeinflußt zu sein. Ferkel, die mit Erbsen gefüttert waren, verbrauchten weniger Futter und hatten eine bessere Futterverwertung als Ferkel der Kontrollgruppe (‐2,4; ‐6,0; und ‐3,7% für den Verbrauch und 4,0; 7,0; und 6,3% für die Futterverwertung mit Solara, Laser und Frijaune). Die Unterschiede von Protein und Aminosäurenverdaulichkeit erklären teilweise die Unterschiede der Leistung.