The objective of this study is to develop a wireless ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM) system for aircraft wing inspection. In part I of the study (Zhao et al 2007 Smart Mater. Struct. 16 1208–17), small, low cost and light weight piezoelectric (PZT) disc transducers were bonded to various parts of an aircraft wing for detection, localization and growth monitoring of defects. In this part, two approaches for wirelessly interrogating the sensor/actuator network were developed and tested. The first one utilizes a pair of reactive coupling monopoles to deliver 350 kHz RF tone-burst interrogation pulses directly to the PZT transducers for generating ultrasonic guided waves and to receive the response signals from the PZTs. It couples enough energy to and from the PZT transducers for the wing panel inspection, but the signal is quite noisy and the monopoles need to be in close proximity to each other for efficient coupling. In the second approach, a small local diagnostic device was developed that can be embedded into the wing and transmit the digital signals FM-modulated on a 915 MHz carrier. The device has an ultrasonic pulser that can generate 350 kHz, 70 V tone-burst signals, a multiplexed A/D board with a programmable gain amplifier for multi-channel data acquisition, a microprocessor for circuit control and data processing, and a wireless module for data transmission. Power to the electronics is delivered wirelessly at X-band with an antenna–rectifier (rectenna) array conformed to the aircraft body, eliminating the need for batteries and their replacement. It can effectively deliver at least 100 mW of DC power continuously from a transmitter at a range of 1 m. The wireless system was tested with the PZT sensor array on the wing panel and compared well with the wire connection case.

Plants grown in distinct soils typically harbor distinct microbial communities, but the degree of the soil microbiome influence on plant microbiome assembly remains largely undetermined. We also know that the microbes associated with seeds can contribute to the plant microbiome, but the magnitude of this contribution is likely variable. We quantified the influence of soil and seed microbiomes on the bacterial community composition of seedlings by independently inoculating seeds from a single cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with 219 unique soil slurries while holding other environmental factors constant, determining the composition of the seed, soil, and seedling bacterial communities via cultivationindependent methods. Soil bacterial communities exert a strong, but variable, influence on seedling bacterial community structure, with the extent of the soil bacterial contribution dependent on the soil in question. By testing a wide range of soils, we were able to show that the specific composition of the seedling microbiome is predictable from knowing which bacterial taxa are found in soil. Although the most ubiquitous taxa associated with the seedlings were seed derived, the contributions of the seed microbiome to the seedling microbiome were variable and dependent on soil bacterial community composition. Together this work improves our predictive understanding of how the plant microbiome assembles and how the seedling microbiome could be directly or indirectly manipulated to improve plant health.

New enzymes often evolve by gene amplification and divergence. Previous experimental studies have followed the evolutionary trajectory of an amplified gene, but have not considered mutations elsewhere in the genome when fitness is limited by an evolving gene. We have evolved a strain of Escherichia coli in which a secondary promiscuous activity has been recruited to serve an essential function. The gene encoding the ‘weak-link’ enzyme amplified in all eight populations, but mutations improving the newly needed activity occurred in only one. Most adaptive mutations occurred elsewhere in the genome. Some mutations increase expression of the enzyme upstream of the weak-link enzyme, pushing material through the dysfunctional metabolic pathway. Others enhance production of a co-substrate for a downstream enzyme, thereby pulling material through the pathway. Most of these latter mutations are detrimental in wild-type E. coli, and thus would require reversion or compensation once a sufficient new activity has evolved.

Mycobacteria are a diverse bacterial group ubiquitous in many soil and aquatic environments. Members of this group have been associated with human and other animal diseases, including the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), which are of growing relevance to public health worldwide. Although soils are often considered an important source of environmentally acquired NTM infections, the biodiversity and ecological preferences of soil mycobacteria remain largely unexplored across contrasting climates and ecosystem types. Using a culture-independent approach by combining 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing with mycobacterium-specific hsp65 gene sequencing, we analyzed the diversity, distributions, and environmental preferences of soil-dwelling mycobacteria in 143 soil samples collected from a broad range of ecosystem types. The surveyed soils harbored highly diverse mycobacterial communities that span the full extent of the known mycobacterial phylogeny, with most soil mycobacteria (97% of mycobacterial clades) belonging to previously undescribed lineages. While mycobacteria tended to have higher relative abundances in cool, wet, and acidic soil environments, several individual mycobacterial clades had contrasting environmental preferences. We identified the environmental preferences of many mycobacterial clades, including the clinically relevant Mycobacterium avium complex that was more commonly detected in wet and acidic soils. However, most of the soil mycobacteria detected were not closely related to known pathogens, calling into question previous assumptions about the general importance of soil as a source of NTM infections. Together, this work provides novel insights into the diversity, distributions, and ecological preferences of soil mycobacteria and lays the foundation for future efforts to link mycobacterial phenotypes to their distributions. IMPORTANCE Mycobacteria are common inhabitants of soil, and while most members of this bacterial group are innocuous, some mycobacteria can cause environmentally acquired infections of humans and other animals. Human infections from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly prevalent worldwide, and some areas appear to be “hotspots” for NTM disease. While exposure to soil is frequently implicated as an important mode of NTM transmission, the diversity, distributions, and ecological preferences of soil mycobacteria remain poorly understood. We analyzed 143 soils from a range of ecosystems and found that mycobacteria and lineages within the group often exhibited predictable preferences for specific environmental conditions. Soils harbor large amounts of previously undescribed mycobacterial diversity, and lineages that include known pathogens were rarely detected in soil. Together, these findings suggest that soil is an unlikely source of many mycobacterial infections. The biogeographical patterns we documented lend insight into the ecology of this important group of soil-dwelling bacteria.

This paper presents the design, implementation and characterization of a rectenna array for wireless powering of sensor electronics for airframe fatigue detection. The rectenna aperture is powered 5 minutes at a time during inspection with a requirement of ±15V at 100mW. The maximum incident RF power is 10mW/cm 2 . A single rectenna element at this incident power density has an output power of 5 mW and an estimated efficiency of 50%. Each of the 25 antenna elements has an integrated rectifier, the outputs of which are combined in series to achieve the total required voltage and power at an estimated efficiency of 40%.

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