This article explains how economic rationality in Colombia came to play a growing role in the management of economic policy and social analysis, as a case study of a process that is observed in various parts of the world. In addition to the rise of a technocratic elite, this involved the positioning of economic rationality in managing strategic state institutions and the creation of knowledge about society. We explain the mechanisms that enabled economists to occupy these positions, displacing other social scientists and sociologists.Keywords: economic rationality, economists, social sciences, sociologists.The application of economic rationality to other analytical areas of society and behaviour has been called economic imperialism. The intrusive nature of economics has been highlighted by a range of economists and social scientists (Stigler, 1984;Becker, 1993;Fine, 2000;Fourcade, 2006;Geary, 2010). Hirshleifer (1985: 53) points out that economic rationality has expanded via two analytical categories for the articulation of economic thinking: (a) the rationality of individuals and their search for optimal decision-making, and (b) social interaction typified by market relations and the resulting balance struck in society. While it would not be possible to separate economics from other social sciences, nor to delimit its territory, Hirshleifer (1985: 53) believes that the discipline constitutes 'the universal grammar of social science'. When explaining the reasons why economics dominates other social sciences, Lazear (2000: 99) points out that besides its premise that rational actors maximise their behaviour, it assumes that equilibrium is an important element of economic models, regardless of the underlying theory and, unlike other social sciences, centres analyses on efficiency. However, it is its impact on public policy that positions economics in centre stage over other social sciences. Economists became necessary in the first half of the twentieth century, emerging as professionals responsible for fiscal and monetary management, something that governments felt could not be left in the hands of just anyone (Reay, 2007: 120).The influence of economists in the new world order after the war was facilitated by the creation of international organisations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO). These grew into entities with global intervention powers and were filled with economists trained in the neoclassical school of thought, mostly from American universities. In the 1980s, this influx increased because the organisations participated in structural adjustment policies. The equilibrium assumptions utilised by the neoclassical school were key in propelling
Este libro contiene una revisión completa de los principales «modelos de desarrollo» —y de los conceptos y los paradigmas que los subyacen— enarbolados a través de la Historia. De Platón a Amartya Sen, pasando por Keynes, los defensores del desarrollo sostenible, la CEPAL, la Teoría de la Liberación y otros, la autora —docente de la Maestría en Gerencia Social a distancia de la PUCP— repasa los principales discursos teóricos en torno al progreso y los acerca, mediante una explicación clara, al público no especializado.
A partir del análisis de clases sociales como expresión de la desigualdad social, en este artículo repasamos los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos utilizados para explicar la expansión de la clase media en Colombia. A través de la perspectiva de la movilidad social, consideramos la dinámica de las oportunidades de vida de una clase de origen a una clase de destino como producto de cambios intra o intergeneracionales. A pesar de la diversidad de métodos y de puntos de corte para definir y medir las clases sociales, resaltamos el crecimiento de la clase media en Colombia y en América Latina en el último decenio. En Colombia, sin embargo, este crecimiento se enmarca en una paradójica situación de persistente concentración del ingreso; los cambios al interior de la clase que ha experimentado dicha movilidad social ayudan a explicar dicha paradoja.Así mismo, identificamos las teorías y aproximaciones que se han empleado para el análisis de clase social y de movilidad social en la sociología y la economía, donde el cruce interdisciplinar parece particularmente propicio, al integrar el análisis de la estratificación social con los procesos de producción y distribución de la riqueza. Reseñamos los métodos empleados para realizar estudios de movilidad social y las fuentes de las que se derivan los datos. Señalamos, igualmente, cómo la movilidad social ha ingresado a la agenda de las políticas públicas económicas y sociales. Finalmente, presentamos los estudios sobre el componente valorativo del análisis de la clase media, en los que se indica que no es claro que esta posea un conjunto homogéneo de valores o que tenga una posición mayoritaria a favor de la democracia. Como parte de las conclusiones, indicamos que, así como el análisis de la movilidad social con base en clases sociales es bienvenido desde el punto de vista conceptual, en la práctica la expansión de la clase media en Colombia ha implicado mejores oportunidades de vida para este grupo de población. Sin embargo, permanece para ella una amenaza por su vulnerabilidad y se echan de menos mejoras sustanciales en políticas que alivien la concentración del ingreso.
Resumen Este artículo propone una perspectiva de análisis sobre la pobreza con un enfoque multidimensional, que la considera no solo como una suma de variables e indicadores, sino que le agrega una estrategia exploratoria sobre cómo se percibe la pobreza entre grupos que reciben o no programas para aliviarla, o usan o no servicios públicos subsidiados. Con base en herramientas cuantitativas y cualitativas aplicadas a información recabada sobre una muestra de residentes de Bogotá, se estudian las maneras en que las fronteras de sentido sobre la pobreza se relacionan con factores objetivos y subjetivos, lo cual implica ser o no usuarios de programas de subsidios, tener una condición socioeconómica y educativa determinada, además de las características de participación política, grado de asociación y uso de mecanismos para hacer valer derechos ciudadanos.
In this article, we present the results of a qualitative study on representations of social classes and social mobility between classes. The self-identified middle-class group attributes itself positive characteristics such as perseverance, entrepreneurship, work ethic, and consecration to an improvement plan. Staying in the middle class is perceived as a constant struggle to survive in an adverse economic, political and social context. The social relations between the classes are perceived as highly differentiated, with little mixture and a net desire to demarcate one from the others. The elements that structure social classes, according to this perspective, include education in the first instance, occupation, income, and the amounts of cultural and social capital accumulated in a variety of family and social conditions that vary by region and place of birth amid a common context of social policies and programs that are present for all social classes. The component that enables social mobility versus immobility for social groups of similar origin is the use of the fragile opportunities available throughout life. This is how the middle class is formed and recomposed in processes of upward mobility of low fluidity and little stability. This process, for some, has not been fully achieved in the present generation, but will only be achieved in their children's generation and in some cases, by sacrificing the expectations of parents and older siblings.Citation: Uribe-Mallarino C, Ariza LK, Ramirez-Moreno J (2017) How We Got Here: The Transition of Colombia's Middle Class in Social Mobility Perspective. Arts Social Sci J 8: 302.
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