Benzoic acid (BA) supplement was evaluated as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP). Ninety-six piglets (21-d-old at weaning) were placed in pens (four piglets pen−1) based on body weight (BW) and allocated (n = 8) to either control corn–soybean meal diet or control + in-feed antibiotic (AGP, 220 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride and 31.2 mg tiamulin kg−1) or control + 0.5% BA. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly. Fecal scores for incidence of diarrhea and fecal samples for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of components were taken in week 2. One pig per pen was euthanized on day 14 for jejunal histomorphology and digesta for pH and short-chain fatty acids concentration. In weeks 1–6, pigs fed AGP and BA had better (P < 0.01) gain to feed ratio compared with control fed pigs. On day 12, pigs fed AGP and BA showed lower (P = 0.01) fecal score than control fed pigs. Pigs fed BA had (P < 0.05) higher ATTD of crude protein and taller villi compared with the control or AGP fed pigs. Pigs fed AGP showed higher (P = 0.05) lactic acid concentrations than pigs fed BA, however, none differed (P > 0.05) with control pigs. In conclusion, BA supported piglet growth performance to the same extent as AGP.
Growth performance, liver and spleen weight, plasma, and ceca digesta metabolites and incidences of diarrhea were investigated in growing pigs fed spent biomass of Pichia kudriavzevii (PK). Ninety-six barrows (~25 kg, 4 pigs/pen) were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets (n=6) for 7 weeks. The diets were control, corn and soybean meal-based diet or control plus 2.5, 3.75 or 5.0% PK. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and iso nitrogenous. Feed intake and body weight (BW) were recorded weekly for calculation of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Fecal scores were taken 3 days/week to assess incidence and severity of diarrhea. One pig/pen close to pen average was sacrificed on d 7 and 49 to collect plasma for plasma urea N and creatinine, spleen and liver weight, and ileal and caecum digesta samples for concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The concentration of crude protein, crude fat and non-fiber carbohydrates in PK biomass were 36.4, 9.6 and 50.8% DM, respectively. Inclusion of PK tended (P=0.06) to linearly reduce ADG from d 8 through d 49 resulting in a trend (P=0.06) for linear reduction in final BW. The final BW was 79.0, 79.2, 76.8 and 75.5 kg for the 0, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0%PK, respectively. Diets had no effect (P>0.10) on ADFI, G:F, spleen and liver weight throughout the entire experiment. On d 7, there was cubic (P=0.03) decrease and quadratic (P=0.02) increase in plasma concentration of creatinine and urea N, respectively. However, there were no (P>0.10) diet effects on plasma metabolites on d 49. There was a tendency (P=0.08) for linear increase in caecum digesta concentration of acetic acid. There were no diet effects (P>0.10) on fecal score in the first 4 weeks of feeding. In conclusions, feeding PK yeast tended to depress growth and stimulate caecum fermentation higher dose and had no detrimental effects on organ weights or plasma metabolites in growing pigs.
Four commercial feed additives (CFA) were evaluated for efficacy in detoxifying deoxynivalenol (DON) in diets fed to 144 nursery pigs (BW 9.80+/- 0.5kg; 2 gilts, and 2 barrows/pen). Six test corn-soybean-meal based diets were: 1) positive control (PC), formulated with clean corn (NC), 2) formulated with contaminated corn (5.5 ppm DON), 3) NC with enzyme+binder1 (NCB1), 4) NC with clay (NCC), 5) NC with enzyme+binder2 (NCB2) and 6) NC with sodium metabisulfite (NCP). Diets were allocated to pens (n = 6) based on BW and fed ad-libitum for 4-wk; BW and feed intake were monitored weekly. At the end of wk-1, one pig/pen was euthanized for tissue collection. Assayed DON concentration for PC, NC, NCB1, NCC, NCB2 and NCP were 0.38, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4, and 1.9 ppm, respectively. Diet effects were only observed for ADG and G:F in wk-1; pigs fed NCP had higher (P = 0.01) ADG compared to pigs fed NC and NCC, whilst pigs fed other diets had intermediate and similar ADG (P > 0.05) to pigs fed NC or NCC. Pigs fed NCP showed higher (P = 0.02) G:F relative to pigs fed other diets. The final BW was 31.3, 30.8, 30.4, 30.8, 31.1 and 32.2kg for PC, NC, NCB1, NCC, NCB2 and NCP-fed pigs, respectively. There were no (P > 0.05) diet effects on ADFI throughout the study. There was no (P > 0.05) diet effects on liver and spleen weight, jejunum morphology and concentration of plasma creatinine and urea. Ceca digesta concentration of citric acid was higher (P = 0.03) in pigs fed NCP than pigs fed NCB2. In conclusion, the lack of differences between PC and NC suggested pigs were tolerant to higher DON levels than the regulated dietary maximum of 1 ppm. Improved ADG and G:F due to NCP vs. NC was transient and was not linked to physiological responses.
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