This is the second of two papers which explore the scope and limitations of lifelong learning as an object of policy. In the ® rst (see Gri n 1999) the evolution of the social democratic perspective was described. According to this perspective, it was suggested, the attempt to render lifelong learning as an object of policy entailed a reductionist concept of learning, so that it stood for little more than the expansion of education and training provision. In the following paper, an alternative perspective on lifelong learning, also emerging from the policy literature, removes it from the possibility of traditional policy analysis, relocating it in culture, civil society and patterns of lifestyle, leisure and consumption. Analytic distinctions between education and learning, function and provision, policy and strategy, and markets and quasi-markets are employed to explore various policy models. It is suggested that this perspective on lifelong learning needs to be understood in relation to policies for welfare reform and the crisis of the welfare state. In eOE ect, it amounts to the integration of education policy into wider policies for welfare reform.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE
Barriers and facilitators of exercise maintenance and residual effects of exercise training intervention on physical and cognitive function after the cessation of training are inadequately described in older adults.
DESIGN AND SETTING
One year after the cessation of a supervised exercise training intervention, a mixed methods approach employed a quantitative phase that assessed body composition and physical and cognitive function and a qualitative phase that explored determinants of exercise maintenance after participation in the intervention.
PARTICIPANTS
Community‐dwelling older Irish adults (aged >65 years) who had completed 12 weeks of supervised exercise training 1 year previously.
MEASUREMENTS
Fifty‐three participants (male/female ratio = 30:23; age = 70.8 ± 3.9 years) completed the follow‐up testing comprising body composition and physical and cognitive function. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 participants (male/female ratio = 6:6) using the Theoretical Domains Framework to inform the interview guide.
RESULTS
At 1 year follow‐up, body fat increased (mean = 4.3%; 95% confidence limit = 2.2% to 6.3%), while lean body mass (mean = −0.6%; 95% confidence limit = −1.2% to −0.1%), strength (leg press, mean = −5.6%; 95% confidence limit = −8.3% to −2.8%; chest press, mean = −11.0%; 95% confidence limit = −14.8% to −7.8%), and cognitive function (mean = −3.7%; 95% confidence limit = −5.7% to −1.8%) declined (all P < .05). Interviews revealed key facilitators (social aspects and beliefs about benefits of exercise) and barriers (affordability and general aversion to gyms) to exercise maintenance in this population.
CONCLUSION
Key barriers and facilitators to exercise maintenance were identified, which will inform the development of future behavior change interventions to support exercise participation and maintenance in older adults to mitigate adverse changes in body composition and physical and cognitive function with advancing age. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:163–169, 2019
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