Postactivation potentiation (PAP) is a physiological adaptation which enables the muscles' contractile properties to optimally perform. PAP is engendered through preperformance conditioning activities (maximal or submaximal effort), such as a parallel back squat performed prior to a vertical jump test. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of postactivation potentiation on subsequent 40-yard sprint performance in 16-to 23-year-old male athletes, specifically, the effects of hexagonal bar deadlifts (HBD) and weighted sled sprints (WSS) as PAP-loading protocols. METHODS: Thirty-one male subjects (age, 16.9 ± 1.4 years; height, 180.2 ± 6.2 cm; weight 83.4 ± 19.2 kg) participated in this study. Testing sessions included two different visits, a control trial and a PAP-loading protocol trial separated by ~48-hours, counterbalanced, allowing each subject to act as his own control. The HBD (n = 8) group performed four sets of HBD as the PAP-loading protocol, using body weight (BW) to calculate estimated one repetition max (1RM). The WSS (n = 23) group performed four sets of WSS for 15-yards, using WSS loads of 25%, 50%, and 50% BW. Both PAP-loading protocols were followed by a 6-minute rest period and concluded with two laser-timed 40-yard sprint performances. Control trials for both groups consisted of identical time intervals as the PAP trial, with basic active movement utilized instead of the PAP-loading protocol. RESULTS: The PAP trials had faster average 40-yard sprint times (5.35 ± 0.44 s) compared to the control trials (5.39 ± 0.39 s) for all subjects. The average difference for the PAP trials (-0.04 ± 0.10) was statistically significant (p = 0.029). However, there was statistical significance (p = 0.035) between PAP-loading groups, with WSS being the only group to improve in sprint time for the PAP trial. The WSS group improved in 40-yard sprint time for the PAP trial (5.33 ± 0.45 s) compared to the control trial (5.40 ± 0.41 s) with a PAP difference of-0.06 ± 0.10 s for 40-yard sprint time. CONCLUSION: The use of a PAP-loading protocol enhances 40-yard sprint performance, with the use of WSS proving to generate faster sprint times compared to the HBD.
Purpose/Hypothesis: The purposes of this study were to compare gait and balance performance of a patient with chronic lower extremity spasticity and other motor deficits secondary to stroke prior to botulinum toxin, following botulinum toxin, and with combined botulinum toxin and body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT), and to determine if those outcomes were maintained across time. Number of Subjects: A single-subject design (A/B1/B2/Delayed Post-Test) was used. Materials/Methods: Four weeks following lower extremity botulinum toxin injections (B1), intense BWSTT three sessions per week for eight weeks was added to the intervention (B2). The dependent variables, measured weekly, included: Berg balance scale, timed-up-and-go, 10-meter walk test and 6-minute walk test. The stroke impact scale (SIS) was measured one time during A and the Delayed Post-Test. Results: Each dependent variable showed significant improvement from A to B1, and performance remained improved through B2 phase and at the time of the Delayed Post-Test. Clinically significant differences were found in the mobility and handicap dimensions of the SIS. Conclusions: For this participant, BWSTT did not enhance outcomes beyond those observed with botulinum toxin injections alone. Improvements that were made during intervention were maintained at the Delayed Post-Test. Clinical Relevance: Previous literature has indicated limited functional carryover following botulinum toxin injections to reduce spasticity. The participant in this study enhanced functional outcomes following botulinum toxin injections only and was able to maintain those improvements during and after intense task-specific gait training.Purpose/Hypothesis: The two studies reported here evaluate the effectiveness of electrical stimulation in the management of long standing stroke impairments in a home-based exercise program. The two targeted impairments are chronic shoulder subluxation and wrist/finger contractures. Both studies compared exercise through implanted microstimulators (BIONs) with a standard surface stimulation program. Number of Subjects: Fourteen individuals with chronic shoulder subluxation due to stroke and 16 persons with wrist or finger contractures following stroke have participated in a 6 week stimulation program, either using surface electrodes or implanted microstimulators (BIONs). The average time from the stroke was 35 months. Materials/Methods: Following consent, subjects were randomized into either surface or implant stimulation groups. Following instruction regarding the appropriate equipment, subjects exercised daily at home for two or three 30 minute stimulation sessions. The exercise program continued for 6 weeks. Assessments of passive wrist and finger range of motion, or shoulder subluxation through xray, were done before and after the exercise programs. After 6 weeks of follow-up, individuals with implants were provided support for continued use. Individuals who had been compliant with surface stimulation were offered the continued use of the s...
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