RESUMO: O uso de cobertura plástica no cultivo de videira encontra-se em expansão no Rio Grande do Sul, por ser uma alternativa que visa a proteger as plantas da precipitação pluvial e do granizo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os impactos de uma cobertura plástica translúcida e impermeável sobre a fenologia, o crescimento (de ramos, folhas, cachos e bagas) e a produtividade em videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.), com cinco anos de idade, conduzidas em sistema 'Y', sobre porta-enxerto Paulsen 1103. O experimento, conduzido no município de Caxias do Sul-RS, seguiu o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, tendo os tratamentos sem e com cobertura plástica, com quatro repetições de 15 plantas (unidade experimental). As alterações microclimáticas impostas pela cobertura plástica não foram expressivas para alterar a fenologia da videira. As plantas cultivadas sob cobertura plástica apresentaram maiores valores de comprimento e massa fresca de ramos e de área, e massa seca foliar em comparação às plantas descobertas. O peso e o diâmetro de bagas foram superiores nas videiras cobertas apenas no início do ciclo e não diferiram próximo da colheita. As demais variáveis analisadas não foram afetadas pela cobertura plástica. A cobertura plástica interferiu no crescimento vegetativo das plantas, mas não afetou a produção. Termos para indexação: Vitis vinifera L., cultivo protegido, fenologia, crescimento, produção de frutos. VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD OF 'CABERNET SAUVIGNON' GRAPEVINE UNDER OVERHEAD PLASTIC COVERINGABSTRACT -There is an increasing adoption of overhead plastic covering for grapevines in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, to protect the plants from rain and hail storms. This study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of overhead plastic covering with a translucent and water-proof plastic film on phenological, growth (of branch, leaves, clusters, and berries), and yield attributes of five years old 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) on Paulsen 1103 rootstock raised as 'Y' management system. The experiment was carried out in Caxias do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, and followed a randomized block design, with two treatments (uncovered and covered plants) and four replicates of 15 plants (experimental unit). The micro-environmental changes imposed by the cover did not affect grapevines phenology. The grapevines under the cover had higher values for branches growth (length and fresh mass), and leaf expansion (area and dry mass) than the uncovered ones. The berries weight and diameter were superior on grapevines under covering plastic only at earlier stages of fruit growth but not at harvest. The other variables assessed were not affected by the cover. The results show that overhead plastic covering can interfere with vegetative growth without affecting yield.

BiP overexpression improves leaf water relations during droughts and delays drought-induced leaf senescence. However, whether BiP controls cellular homeostasis under drought conditions or simply delays dehydration-induced leaf senescence as the primary cause for water stress tolerance remains to be determined. To address this issue, we examined the drought-induced transcriptomes of BiP-overexpressing lines and wild-type (WT) lines under similar leaf water potential (ψw) values. In the WT leaves, a ψw reduction of −1.0 resulted in 1339 up-regulated and 2710 down-regulated genes; in the BiP-overexpressing line 35S::BiP-4, only 334 and 420 genes were induced and repressed, respectively, at a similar leaf ψw = −1.0 MPa. This level of leaf dehydration was low enough to induce a repertory of typical drought-responsive genes in WT leaves but not in 35S::BiP-4 dehydrated leaves. The responders included hormone-related genes, functional and regulatory genes involved in drought protection and senescence-associated genes. The number of differentially expressed genes in the 35S::BiP-4 line approached the wild type number at a leaf ψw = −1.6 MPa. However, N-rich protein (NRP)- mediated cell death signaling genes and unfolded protein response (UPR) genes were induced to a much lower extent in the 35S::BiP-4 line than in the WT even at ψw = −1.6 MPa. The heatmaps for UPR, ERAD (ER-associated degradation protein system), drought-responsive and cell death-associated genes revealed that the leaf transcriptome of 35S::BiP-4 at ψw = −1.0 MPa clustered together with the transcriptome of well-watered leaves and they diverged considerably from the drought-induced transcriptome of the WT (ψw = −1.0, −1.7 and −2.0 MPa) and 35S::BiP-4 leaves at ψw = −1.6 MPa. Taken together, our data revealed that BiP-overexpressing lines requires a much higher level of stress (ψw = −1.6 MPa) to respond to drought than that of WT (ψw = −1.0). Therefore, BiP overexpression maintains cellular homeostasis under water stress conditions and thus ameliorates endogenous osmotic stress.

An economical and efficient approach to reduce the impact of P discharge by aquaculture industry is to adjust the P level in fish feeds to the precise nutrient requirement at different growth stages in a digestible nutrient basis. However, P requirement seems to be species specific and affected by several physiological, dietary and environmental factors. Based on the importance of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to Latin American aquaculture, we designed a 63-day trial to evaluate the effect of available P (AP) levels on growth, nutrient digestibility, haematology and blood biochemical parameters, carcass proximate composition and bone mineralization. Quadruplicate groups of tambaqui juveniles (144 AE 2.0 g) were fed five isonitrogenous (278 g kg À1 digestible protein) and isocaloric (13.5 Mj DE kg À1 ) diets containing graded AP levels (3.0, 5.6, 7.5, 9.1 and 11.0 g kg À1 ) following a completely randomized design. Dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was used as the main P source. No mortalities and signs of P deficiency were observed among the dietary treatments. A remarkably high P digestibility was observed in all plantbased diets with a tendency of decreasing P digestibility with the increase in total P levels. Tambaqui seems to be able to grow well without inorganic P supplementation during the trials; however, this species required 7.0 g AP kg À1 diet for proper bone mineralization. P supplementation had a limited effect on haematology and blood biochemistry of tambaqui. Ecological implications of natural feeding habit and evolutionary position of this species are further discussed, and new hypothesis are drawn based on our results.

ResumoA adição de polímeros hidroretentores visa aumentar a capacidade de retenção de água no solo para as mudas, propiciando melhor qualidade e maior sobrevivência no campo. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito do uso do hidrogel no plantio de mudas de Eucalyptus benthamii em vasos, relacionados com diferentes manejos hídricos, buscando fornecer informações sobre a eficiência do hidrogel simulando condições de campo. Foram utilizadas mudas de aproximadamente 25 cm de altura plantadas em vasos preenchidos com 4,5 L de solo. O experimento foi realizado em DIC, em esquema fatorial 2x3, com ausência e presença de hidrogel relacionados aos manejos hídricos (irrigação somente no plantio, a cada 3 e 6 dias). Do plantio até o 47° dia foram realizadas avaliações da sintomatologia do estresse hídrico, teores de clorofila e trocas gasosas. Por fim, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento das mudas através da biomassa seca radicular e da parte aérea, além da determinação da curva de retenção de água. O hidrogel proporcionou um aumento na retenção de água, consequentemente um atraso nos sintomas de estresse hídrico, influenciando positivamente o teor de clorofila e trocas gasosas. Foi visível a recuperação da transpiração (E), assimilação líquida de CO 2 (A), condutância estomática (g s ) e transpiração (E), 24 h após a irrigação. Avaliações da biomassa seca demonstraram que os tratamentos com a presença do hidrogel apresentaram um melhor desenvolvimento das mudas. Palavras-chave: Eucalipto; polímero hidroretentor; déficit hídrico. AbstractWater-absorbing polymer saim to increase the water retention capacity of the soil for the seedlings, providing better quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using the hydrogel in planting seedlings of Eucalyptus benthamii in pots, related to different water management, seeking to provide information on the hydrogel efficiency simulating field conditions. Seedlings about 25 cm planted in pots filled with 4.5 L of soil were used. The experiment was conducted in DIC in factorial 2x3, with absence and presence of hydrogel related to water management (irrigation only in the planting, every 3 and 6 days). Planting until the 47 th day were evaluated for the symptoms of water stress, chlorophyll content and gas exchange. Finally, was evaluated the development of the plants through the root dry weight and shoot, as well as determining the water retention curve. The hidrogel resulted in an increase in water retention, thus a delay in symptoms of water stress, positively influencing the chlorophyll content and gas exchange. The recovery of, gs, and 24 h after irrigation was visible. Assessments of dry biomass showed that the treatments with the presence of hydrogel showed a better development of seedlings. Keywords: Eucalyptus; hidroretentor polymer; water deficit. INTRODUÇÃOO setor brasileiro de árvores plantadas é responsável por 91% de toda a madeira produzida para fins industriais no País, ocupando uma área de 7,74 milhões de hectares, o que corresponde a 0,9% do território naci...