for their guidance and support. Additional thanks to Jarett Zuboy for insightful suggestions and contributions during the internal writing and editing process, to Julia Thomas and Stephanie Price for providing timely and thorough reviews, and to Ted Kwasnik for support with geographic information systems. Special thanks to those who contributed reviews during various phases of the work, including: Executive SummaryThis report addresses the fundamental question of how much plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging infrastructure-also known as electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)-is needed in the United States to support both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It complements ongoing EVSE initiatives by providing a comprehensive analysis of national PEV charging infrastructure requirements. The result is a quantitative estimate for a U.S. network of non-residential (public and workplace) EVSE that would be needed to support broader PEV adoption. The analysis provides guidance to public and private stakeholders who are seeking to provide nationwide charging coverage, improve the EVSE business case by maximizing station utilization, and promote effective use of private/public infrastructure investments.The analysis is organized around the non-residential EVSE network required to meet consumer coverage expectations and to satisfy consumer demand in high-PEV-adoption scenarios. Coverage and charging demand estimates needed to serve growing PEV markets are made for the communities where people live and the highway corridors on which they travel (Figure ES-1), including four specific geographic areas:density of PEVs concentrated in cities and towns, ambient temperature effects on electric driving range, and frequency of long distance driving days requiring non-residential EVSE. Simulations are rooted in a set of foundational assumptions which are applied across all scenarios. For example, consumers are simulated in all scenarios as preferring to perform the majority of charging at their home location. This assumption produces simulation results in the central scenario where 88% of PEV charging takes place at home locations (due to the large amount of time vehicles are parked at home and relatively short typical daily driving distances), consistent with early market findings in the EV Project. Charging at non-residential stations is simulated on an as-necessary basis such that consumers are able to maximize electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT).Additionally, it is assumed that future PEVs will be driven in a manner consistent with present day gasoline vehicles (e.g., 70% of daily driving under 40 miles and 95% under 100 miles). While impacts of transportation network companies (e.g., Uber, Lyft) and advances in automated driving technology are not considered in this analysis, interactions between evolving mobility patterns and refueling infrastructure supporting advanced vehicles are currently being investigated by the consortium of national laboratories participating in the U...

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for their guidance and support. Additional thanks to Jarett Zuboy for insightful suggestions and contributions during the internal writing and editing process, to Julia Thomas and Stephanie Price for providing timely and thorough reviews, and to Ted Kwasnik for support with geographic information systems. Special thanks to those who contributed reviews during various phases of the work, including: NATIONAL PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS v Executive Summary This report addresses the fundamental question of how much plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging infrastructure-also known as electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)-is needed in the United States to support both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). It complements ongoing EVSE initiatives by providing a comprehensive analysis of national PEV charging infrastructure requirements. The result is a quantitative estimate for a U.S. network of non-residential (public and workplace) EVSE that would be needed to support broader PEV adoption. The analysis provides guidance to public and private stakeholders who are seeking to provide nationwide charging coverage, improve the EVSE business case by maximizing station utilization, and promote effective use of private/public infrastructure investments. The analysis is organized around the non-residential EVSE network required to meet consumer coverage expectations and to satisfy consumer demand in high-PEV-adoption scenarios. Coverage and charging demand estimates needed to serve growing PEV markets are made for the communities where people live and the highway corridors on which they travel (Figure ES-1), including four specific geographic areas: NATIONAL PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS vii density of PEVs concentrated in cities and towns, ambient temperature effects on electric driving range, and frequency of long distance driving days requiring non-residential EVSE. Simulations are rooted in a set of foundational assumptions which are applied across all scenarios. For example, consumers are simulated in all scenarios as preferring to perform the majority of charging at their home location. This assumption produces simulation results in the central scenario where 88% of PEV charging takes place at home locations (due to the large amount of time vehicles are parked at home and relatively short typical daily driving distances), consistent with early market findings in the EV Project. Charging at non-residential stations is simulated on an as-necessary basis such that consumers are able to maximize electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT). Additionally, it is assumed that future PEVs will be driven in a manner consistent with present day gasoline vehicles (e.g., 70% of daily driving under 40 miles and 95% under 100 miles). While impacts of transportation network companies (e.g., Uber, Lyft) and advances in automated driving technology are not considered in this analysis, interactions between evolving mobility patterns and refueling infrastructure s...

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