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program managers David Howell and Brian Cunningham has been critical to the success of this work. Support from Mike Ferry, Michelle Bogen, and Jordan Liss of the Center for Sustainable Energy in providing data on plug-in electric vehicle adoption, supporting battery cost projections, collecting data for repurposing cost analyses, and investigating markets for second-use applications has been of immense value to this effort as well. The advisement of Paul Denholm of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory on the analysis of batteries as replacements for peaker plants has been similarly valuable. The authors would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Jim Eyer, Linda Gaines, Sam Jaffe, Melissa Bowler, Haresh Kamath, Naum Pinsky, Ali Nourai, and the many others that have contributed insights and provided feedback in support of this battery second use analysis.

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The Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim) is a high-level advanced vehicle powertrain systems analysis tool supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Vehicle Technologies Office. FASTSim provides a quick and simple approach to compare powertrains and estimate the impact of technology improvements on light-and heavy-duty vehicle efficiency, performance, cost, and battery life. The input data for most light-duty vehicles can be automatically imported. Those inputs can be modified to represent variations of the vehicle or powertrain. The vehicle and its components are then simulated through speed-versus-time drive cycles. At each time step, FASTSim accounts for drag, acceleration, ascent, rolling resistance, each powertrain component's efficiency and power limits, and regenerative braking. Conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, all-electric vehicles, compressed natural gas vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles are included. Powertrains with electric-traction drive can optionally be simulated using electric roadway technologies such as dynamic wireless power transfer. FASTSim also has an interface for running large batches of real-world drive cycles. FASTSim's calculation framework and balance among detail, accuracy, and speed enable it to simulate thousands of driven miles in minutes. The key components and vehicle outputs have been validated by comparing the model outputs to test data for many different vehicles to provide confidence in the results. A graphical user interface makes FASTSim easy and efficient to use. FASTSim is freely available for download from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's website (see www.nrel.gov/fastsim). Powertrain Components FASTSim captures the key inputs for most high-level vehicle powertrain modeling. They include parameters that define the vehicle, including the fuel storage, fuel converter, motor, traction battery, wheel, and energy management strategy.