One hundred sixty crossbred pigs (Duroc × (York × Landrace)) weaned at 18.8 d of age and weighing an average of 13.1 lb were used in a 35-day growth trial to evaluate Cordyceps mushroom powder as potential alternative to carbadox in nursery pig diets. Pigs were divided by weight, sex, litter, and assigned to body weight (BW) blocks. Within BW blocks, sex ratios were constant in each pen. Each pen within a BW block was randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Growth performance was analyzed using BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion as feed-to-gain (F:G). Pigs were blocked by weight with 5 or 6 pigs per pen and there were 6 pens per treatment. There were 5 diets used in the study: a negative diet or a positive control (carbadox, 50 g/ton); 300 or 600 ppm mushroom powder, and a step-down treatment (900, 900, 450, 300, and 150 ppm mushroom powder during weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). At various points of the study, pigs fed the 300 ppm and the step-down mushroom powder treatments tended to have improved (P < 0.10) growth performance compared with those fed the negative control diet. During Phase 4 of the study, pigs fed carbadox had greater ADG (P < 0.02) and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.09) over pigs fed the negative control diet. However, overall data showed that there were no statistical differences among treatments (P > 0.05). In summary, pigs fed 300 ppm mushroom powder or the step-down treatment showed comparable results to pigs fed carbadox. However, future research is needed under a greater disease pressure to show mushroom powder's full potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the independent and additive effects of Cordyceps mushroom powder (MP) and carbadox to pharmacological levels of copper and zinc in nursery pig diets. Two hundred and ten crossbred weanling pigs (Duroc × (York × Landrace)) average of 19 d of age and 12.8 lb were used in a 33-day growth trial. Pigs were allotted by weight, sex, ancestry, and assigned to body weight (BW) blocks. Within BW blocks, sex ratios were constant in each pen. Pen was the experimental unit, and growth performance was analyzed using BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G). There were 7 pigs/pen and 6 pens/treatment. Treatments were: 1) a negative control diet (NC); 2) positive control (PC; carbadox, 50 g/ton); 3) NC+ 300 ppm Cordyceps mushroom powder (NC+MP); 4) PC + 300 ppm mushroom powder (PC+MP); 5) supplemental copper sulfate (125 ppm) and zinc oxide (3000 ppm d 0 to 7, 2000 ppm d 7 to 35), CuZn. Dietary treatments were fed in a four-phase feeding program (d 0 to 7, d 7 to 14, d 14 to 21, and d 21 to 33). Pigs fed the PC, PC+MP, and CuZn diets had increased BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.05), and ADFI (P < 0.10) over those fed the NC at the end of phases 1, 2, and 3, with no main effect of MP treatment. During phase 4, pigs fed MP, PC, and CuZn diets all had increased ADG (P < 0.05; 0.95, 1.05, 1.00, 1.11, 1.07 lb/d, diet 1-5, respectively) and ADFI (P < 0.05) over the NC fed pigs. Overall, d 0 to 33, pigs fed PC diets and CuZn had increased ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.05), with pigs fed MP tending to have increased ADFI (P < 0.08) over NCfed pigs. Plasma TNF-α concentrations at d 14 postweaning showed a trend for a carbadox main effect, as well as a mushroom by carbadox interaction (P < 0.10) for plasma TNF-α, with the 300 ppm MP having the numerically highest value, while the combination of carbadox and 300 ppm MP had the lowest concentration of TNF-α. Feeding nursery pigs pharmacological levels of Cu+Zn and carbadox have economical value to increase nursery pig performance, while MP may increase pig ADFI and final BW through potentially complementary modes of action to carbadox.
The objective of this study was to determine the optimal level of Cordyceps mushroom powder inclusion in diets for nursery pigs. One-hundred sixty crossbred pigs [(Duroc × (York × Landrace)] weaned at 18.8 d of age and weighing an average of 5.94 kg were used in a 35 day, 4 phase growth trial to evaluate Cordyceps mushroom powder as potential alternative to carbadox in nursery pig diets. Pigs were allotted by weight, sex, litter, and assigned to body weight (BW) blocks. Within BW blocks, sex ratios were constant in each pen. Each pen within a BW block was randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Growth performance was analyzed as a RCB design using BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. There were 5 or 6 pigs/pen and 6 pens/treatment. Five diets were used in the study: a negative diet or a positive control (Carbadox, 55 ppm); 300 or 600 ppm mushroom powder, and a step down treatment (900, 900, 450, 300, 150 ppm mushroom powder during weeks 1 through 5, respectively). At various points of the study, pigs fed the 300 ppm and the step-down mushroom powder treatments tended to have improved (P < 0.10) growth performance compared with those fed the negative control diet. During Phase 4 of the study, pigs fed Carbadox had greater ADG (P < 0.02) and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.09) compared to pigs fed the negative control diet. However, overall data showed that there were no statistical differences among treatments (P > 0.05). In summary, pigs fed 300 ppm mushroom powder or the step-down treatment showed comparable growth performance to pigs fed Carbadox. However, future research is needed under a greater disease challenge to examine mushroom powder’s full potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
The objective was to evaluate the independent and additive effects of Cordyceps mushroom powder and carbadox to pharmacological copper+zinc in nursery pig diets. Two hundred-ten crossbred weanling pigs [(Duroc × (York × Landrace)] avg. 19 d of age and 5.8 kg were used in a 33 day growth trial. Pigs were alloted by weight, sex, ancestry, and assigned to body weight (BW) blocks. Within BW blocks, sex ratios were constant in each pen. Pen was the experimental unit and growth performance was analyzed using BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. There were 7 pigs/pen and 6 pens/treatment. Treatments were: 1) a negative diet (NC); 2) positive control (PC; Carbadox, 55 ppm); 3) NC+300 ppm Cordyceps mushroom powder (NC+MP); 4) PC +300 ppm mushroom(PC+MP); 5) supplemental copper sulfate (125 ppm) and zinc oxide (3000 ppm d 0-7, 2000 ppm d 7-35), CuZn. Dietary treatments were fed in a four-phase feeding program (d0-7, d7-14, d14-21, and d21-33). There were no interactions between MP and Carbadox at any time point (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the PC, PC+MP and CuZn treatment had increased BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.05), ADFI (P < 0.10) and G:F (P < 0.05) over the NC at the end of phases 1, 2, and 3, with no main effect of MP treatment. During Phase 4, pigs fed MP, PC, and CuZn diets all had increased ADG (P < 0.05; 431, 477, 455, 505, 486 g/d, diet 1-5, respectively) and ADFI (P < 0.05) over the NC fed pigs. Overall, d0-33, PC diets and CuZn supplemented pigs had increased ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.05), with pigs fed MP tending to have increased ADFI (P < 0.08) over NC fed pigs. Feeding nursery pigs pharmacological levels of Cu+Zn and carbadox have economical value to increase nursery pig performance with MP may increase pig ADFI and final BW through potentially complimentary modes of action.
For proper function of many metabolic processes trace element and mineral intake is important. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB), a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, on nursery pig growth and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control (CON) and 2) CON+0.50% DTB (DTB). Pigs (7.73±0.205 kg; 26 d of age) were individually housed and fed for 20d (n=24, 12/trt). Nutrient digestibility was evaluated using individual metabolism pens for 3d total collection of feces and urine during the last week of evaluation. DTB had no effect on pig performance during week 1 (P >0.28). Week 2 ADG (128 versus 302 g/d; P=0.02), BW (10.63 versus 11.77 kg; P=0.03), and G:F (0.275 versus 0.608; P=0.02) were improved for DTB compared to CON fed pigs. Week 3 ADFI was greater for DTB fed pigs compared to CON (642 vs 768 g/d; P=0.01). Overall (d0-20), DTB fed pigs had greater ADG (279 versus 352 g/d; P=0.04), final BW (13.3 versus 14.8 kg; P=0.04), and numerically greater ADFI (497 versus 558 g/d; P=0.16) and G:F (0.562 versus 0.624; P=0.22) compared to CON. During the collection period, ADG was numerically increased (396 versus 427 g/d; P=0.69) and ADFI (544 vs 668 g/d; P=0.03) was greater for DTB versus CON fed pigs. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by inclusion of DTB in the diet (P >0.05). Digestibility coefficients for CON and DTB, respectively, were: 0.863 and 0.856 for DM; 0.842 and 0.842 for digestible energy; 0.824 and 0.814 for nitrogen; 0.701 and 0.667 for phosphorus; 0.873 and 0.816 for sodium; 0.481 and 0.431 for zinc; 0.517 and 0.458 for iron; and 0.438 and 0.392 for manganese. DTB in nursery pig diets improved growth performance and tended to improve feed intake, but had no effect on nutrient digestibility.
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