Galagoides rondoensis Cercopithecus diana roloway Cercopithecus diana roloway Cercopithecus sclateri Mandrillus leucophaeus Cercocebus galeritus galeritus Cercocebus galeritus sanjei Cercocebus galeritus sanjei Cercocebus sanjei Cercocebus atys lunulatus Cercocebus atys lunulatus Cercocebus atys lunulatus Rungwecebus kipunji Procolobus badius waldroni Procolobus badius waldroni Procolobus badius waldroni Procolobus pennantii pennantii Procolobus pennantii pennantii Procolobus rufomitratus Procolobus rufomitratus Procolobus rufomitratus Gorilla gorilla beringei Gorilla beringei beringei Gorilla beringei Gorilla gorilla diehli Gorilla gorilla diehli Gorilla gorilla diehli Gorilla gorilla diehli Pongo abelii Neotropics Leontopithecus rosalia Leontopithecus chrysopygus Leontopithecus caissara Leontopithecus caissara Leontopithecus caissara Cebus xanthosternos Cebus xanthosternos Cebus xanthosternos Ateles hybridus Ateles hybridus brunneus Ateles fusciceps Lagothrix flavicauda Oreonax flavicauda Brachyteles hypoxanthus Brachyteles hypoxanthus Brachyteles hypoxanthus

No abstract

This paper evaluates the ecological consequences of hunting by comparing mammalian densities, biomass, relative energy consumption and community structure between sites with different levels of hunting pressure. Hunting is carried out mainly by colonists who farm on the edge of Atlantic forest fragments in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mammals were studied over a period of 18 months, along 2287 km of line transects. Transects were distributed among two protected sites, one slightly hunted site and two heavily hunted sites. Tapirs, the two peccary species, brocket deer, armadillos and agoutis are preferred by hunters in the region. Primates are not hunted in the region. Hunting has affected community structure, with ungulates domin-ating mammalian biomass at protected sites and primates dominating at hunted sites. This has caused an ecological inversion in the hunted areas of the Atlantic forests. In Amazonian regions of the Neotropics hunting is more evenly distributed among primates, large rodents, and ungulates and has resulted in an opposite inversion, with hunted sites having lower primate biomass. Atlantic forests are very susceptible to the possible ecological imbalances induced by hunting by humans, and this must be considered for management and conservation programmes.

This paper evaluates the ecological consequences of hunting by comparing mammalian densities, biomass, relative energy consumption and community structure between sites with different levels of hunting pressure. Hunting is carried out mainly by colonists who farm on the edge of Atlantic forest fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Mammals were studied over a period of 18 months, along 2287 km of line transects. Transects were distributed among two protected sites, one slightly hunted site and two heavily hunted sites. Tapirs, the two peccary species, brocket deer, armadillos and agoutis are preferred by hunters in the region. Primates are not hunted in the region. Hunting has affected community structure, with ungulates dominating mammalian biomass at protected sites and primates dominating at hunted sites. This has caused an ecological inversion in the hunted areas of the Atlantic forests. In Amazonian regions of the Neotropics hunting is more evenly distributed among primates, large rodents, and ungulates and has resulted in an opposite inversion, with hunted sites having lower primate biomass. Atlantic forests are very susceptible to the possible ecological imbalances induced by hunting by humans, and this must be considered for management and conservation programmes.

No abstract

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co‐occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.

Large mammals are known to be important for the maintenance of biological processes and diversity and to be highly susceptible to extinction in fragmented landscapes. However, there are few studies focusing on the community of large mammals in Atlantic Forest remnants. This study aims at surveying large mammals in a remnant of Atlantic forest near to São Paulo. The studied area is the Morro Grande Forest Reserve (RFMG), with 10.870 ha, located in the municipality of Cotia, SP. Seven areas inside the RFMG were studied with two methodologies: 1) line transect sampling and 2) sand plots for footprint recording. Others records of mammal species were also considered. Eighteen species of seven orders were found in the Reserve and were classified in four dietary categories being eight omnivorous, five herbivore, four frugivores and just one carnivorous. The line transect sampling recorded six species of three orders and footprint sampling recorded seven species of five orders. The smaller species, as the squirrel (Sciurus aestuans), the opossum (Didelphis aurita) and the brazilian rabbit (Sylvilagus brasiliense), were the most frequently recorded, and they were present in almost all the study's areas. The prevalence of smaller species and, the presence of some generalist species, indicate the high degree of disturbance and the low quality of this Reserve. The Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande do not maintain the integrity of large mammal community.

Black lion tamarin (BLT) monkeys (Leontopithecus chrysopygus) have suffered a severe reduction in their natural range and are consequently critically endangered. Because allozyme data showed very low levels of variation, it was not clear if these monkeys had much genetic diversity. We designed microsatellite primers for BLTs, and from them we identified nine polymorphic loci, seven of which were tested on golden lion tamarins (GLTs) (Leontopithecus rosalia). All of the seven polymorphic loci and two other monomorphic BLT loci were polymorphic in GLTs. The microsatellite markers identified here are directly applicable to ongoing lion tamarin population and conservation genetics studies.