Background: A growing body of studies that investigated the longitudinal association between physical activity (PA) and the outcome of incident obesity, coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes and hypertension has become available in recent years. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to provide an update on the association between PA and onset of obesity, CHD, diabetes and hypertension in individuals aged ≥18 years who were free of the respective conditions at baseline. Methods: We systematically searched OVID, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases for pertinent literature published between January of 2012 and February of 2019. To ensure that conclusions are based on high quality evidence, we only included longitudinal studies conducted in samples of ≥500 participants and with ≥5 years of follow-up. Result: The search yielded 8929 records of which 26 were included in this review. Three studies were conducted on the outcome of incident obesity, eight on incident CHD, nine on incident diabetes, four on incident hypertension, one on the outcome of both diabetes and hypertension, and one on the outcome of CHD, diabetes and hypertension. Overall, there was an association between PA and lower risk of incident obesity, CHD and diabetes, but not hypertension. Higher levels or amount of PA were associated with a reduced risk of new onset of the respective diseases in 20 studies (77%). Whereas four studies reported an elevated risk of incidence of diseases with lower PA levels (15%). PA was not associated with incidence of diseases in two studies (8%).

Key Points Question Does a multijurisdictional, multilevel, multicomponent community intervention decrease young child overweight and obesity in the US-Affiliated Pacific region? Findings Among 27 communities and 8371 children in this randomized clinical trial, the Children’s Healthy Living Program decreased overweight and obesity prevalence by 3.95% among children aged 2 to 8 years in the US-Affiliated Pacific region. Meaning A multilevel, multicomponent approach reduced young child overweight and obesity.

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Background Healthy internet activity (eg, making use of eHealth and online therapy) is positively associated with well-being. However, unhealthy internet activity (too much online time, problematic internet use/PIU, internet dependency/ID, etc.) is associated with reduced well-being, loneliness, and other related negative aspects. While most of the evidence is correlational, some research also shows that internet activity can be predictive for well-being. Objective The aim of this article is to elaborate on the question as to what extent internet activity is predictive of psychological well-being by means of (a) a scoping review and (b) theoretical understanding which model the interrelation of internet activity and psychological well-being. Methodology We searched different electronic databases such as Web of Science by using the search terms “Internet” OR “App” OR “digital” OR “online” OR “mobile application” AND “Use” OR “Activity” OR “Behavior” OR “Engagement” AND “Well-being” OR “Loneliness” for (a, the scoping review) or CCAM for (b, the theoretical understanding). Results The scoping review (a) summarizes recent findings: the extent to which internet activity is predictive for well-being depends on the internet activity itself: internet activity facilitating self-management is beneficial for well-being but too much internet activity, PIU and ID are detrimental to well-being. To understand (b) why, when and how internet activity is predictive for well-being, theoretical understanding and a model are required. While theories on either well-being or internet activity exist, not many theories take both aspects into account while also considering other behaviors. One such theory is the Compensatory Carry-Over Action Model (CCAM) which describes mechanisms on how internet use is related to other lifestyle behaviors and well-being, and that individuals are driven by the goal to adopt and maintain well-being - also called higher-level goals – in the CCAM. There are few studies testing the CCAM or selected aspects of it which include internet activity and well-being. Results demonstrate the potentials of such a multifactorial, sophisticated approach: it can help to improve health promotion in times of demographic change and in situations of lacking personnel resources in health care systems. Conclusion and Recommendation Suggestions for future research are to employ theoretical approaches like the CCAM and testing intervention effects, as well as supporting individuals in different settings. The main aim should be to perform healthy internet activities to support well-being, and to prevent unhealthy internet activity. Behavior management and learning should accordingly aim at preventing problematic internet use and internet dependency.

Mental health (MH) and behavioural health are fundamental to a good quality of life. Only few studies investigated the influence between behavioural health (e.g., physical activity (PA), screen-time (ST)) and MH from childhood to adolescence. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between PA and ST with MH by sex in a 11-year longitudinal cohort of German school children during 2003-2017. A German Motorik-Modul Cohort-Study subsample (N=686; 55.2% female; MageT1=5.57 years, SDageT1=1.00; MageT2=11.85 years, SDageT2=1.03; MageT3=16.86 years, SDageT3=1.04) who participated in all three measurements were analysed regarding PA, ST and MH (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, prosocial behaviour, and overall strengths and difficulties). Path panel prediction models were run with T1, T2, and T3 PA, ST and MH indicators. PA predicted less television (TV)/video watching in females, and TV/video watching predicted personal computer (PC)/internet use in both sexes. Behaviour and MH results suggest for females higher TV/video and PC/internet use was related to higher MH challenges over maturation. Some preadolescent males MH challenges increased ST (TV/video watching and PC/internet use) in adolescence. Innovative and effective methods should be explored to reduce childhood ST especially among females with early signs of MH issues, and address preadolescent males MH challenges.