Background: The geographical distribution of the Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) includes the southern-central Neotropics. Despite its wide distribution, currently there is no dietary information on its southern distribution range. From June to September 2011, we quantified the diet and prey availability of the Chilean flamingo in the marine wetland of Caulín (41°48' S, 73°37' W), southern Chile.Results: The prey availability related to both plankton and benthos were four species of copepods, four polychaetes, one foraminifera, and two amphipods. The diet of the Chilean flamingo was composed of foraminifera (Ammonia beccarii), copepods (Harpacticus sp.) and polychaetes. The most abundant prey items from feces of flamingos were Ammonia beccarii and Harpacticus sp. The diameter of A. beccarii consumed by flamingos ranged between 400 and 900 μm, while its width varied between 100 and 300 μm. The width of Harpacticus sp. consumed ranged between 160 and 260 μm. The similarity between flamingo diet and prey availability was 0.553. The diversity of prey organisms in the benthos was higher than that observed from plankton and feces of birds. A. beccarii was preferred over other prey consumed by flamingos. This preference is not related to the size of Harpacticus sp. but to their ability to swim and escape from flamingos.
Conclusions:The dietary similarity of the Chilean flamingo versus the availability of prey in the environment (plankton and benthos) was 55%, indicating that the Chilean flamingo is a partially selective predator.
RESUMENMediante una revisión bibliográfi ca se determinó el estado actual del conocimiento sobre la ecología urbana en las grandes ciudades del sur de Chile: Temuco, Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt y Punta Arenas. Esta revisión reveló la escasez de estudios sobre ecología urbana en donde los procesos de urbanización se incrementan considerablemente, desconociéndose los impactos que este fenómeno pueda generar sobre sus ecosistemas. Puerto Montt es la ciudad con mayor incremento poblacional urbano y, a la vez, la ciudad con menor cantidad y diversidad de estudios realizados. Los principales impactos generados por el proceso de urbanización sobre el paisaje son la contaminación de cuencas hidrográfi cas, contaminación atmosférica, pérdida de biodiversidad nativa y aumento de especies exó-ticas. Se entregan recomendaciones para aumentar y conservar la biodiversidad local dentro de los paisajes urbanos del sur de Chile, así como también se señalan las líneas de investigación necesarias por realizar.Palabras clave: Bioindicadores, biodiversidad nativa, especies sinantrópicas, sustentabilidad.
ABSTRACTThrough a literature review, we determined the current state of knowledge on urban ecology in the larges cities of southern Chile: Temuco, Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt and Punta Arenas. This review revealed the scarcity of studies on urban ecology where urbanization is increasing considerably, unkowning the impacts that this phenomenon may have on their ecosystems. Puerto Montt is the city with greater increase in urban population and simultaneously, the city with the lowest number and diversity of studies. The main impacts generated by the process of urbanization on the landscape are watershed pollution, air pollution, loss of native biodiversity and increasing exotic species. Suggestions are given to increase and conserve local biodiversity in the urban landscapes of southern Chile, as well as the lines of research needed to be done.
Entre los años 2007 y 2009, se estudió la diversidad de aves y mamíferos marinos que habitan bahía San Pedro (comuna de Purranque, provincia de Osorno). Evaluamos la composición, diversidad y abundancia de estos vertebrados, que presentó 18 especies de aves marinas, de las cuales Spheniscus magellanicus y Puffi nus griseus fueron las más abundantes. Dos especies de pingüinos, una gaviota y un gaviotín se reproducen en la bahía. El ensamble de mamíferos marinos estuvo compuesto por siete especies, de las cuales Otaria fl avescens y Lagenorhynchus australis fueron las más abundantes. Una especie de lobo marino y nutria de mar se reproducen en la bahía. Los resultados demuestran el potencial que posee esta bahía para la conservación de biodiversidad marina y el desarrollo del turismo de intereses especiales que promuevan la conservación. A partir de esta información, recomendamos establecer un programa de estudios a largo plazo que asesore a la comunidad local en la planifi cación, regulación y evaluación de las actividades de turismo a desarrollar.
Sinantropía y conservación marina: el caso del chungungo Lontra felina en el sur de ChileAbstract.-We describe the synanthropic behavior of Lontra felina along its geographic distribution. The marine otter used fishing ports infrastructure for shelter and food. It forages on the remains of fish discarded by fishermen. Identified threats to the conservation of this species in synanthropy include incidental mortality in fisheries and persecution by domestic animals. The opportunities are creating niche food and shelter, which favor the permanence and population growth. Finally, we identify the important variables to consider in future studies on synanthropy of this marine mammal in the socioecological systems.
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