Human activity causes vibrations that propagate into the ground as high-frequency seismic waves. Measures to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread changes in human activity, leading to a months-long reduction in seismic noise of up to 50%. The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record. While the reduction is strongest at surface seismometers in populated areas, this seismic quiescence extends for many kilometers radially and hundreds of meters in depth. This provides an opportunity to detect subtle signals from subsurface seismic sources that would have been concealed in noisier times and to benchmark sources of anthropogenic noise. A strong correlation between seismic noise and independent measurements of human mobility suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of population dynamics.
Aim We assess biogeographical patterns, population structure and the range of species in the pulmonate genus Siphonaria across the sub‐Antarctic. We hypothesized that locally endemic cryptic species will be found across the distribution of these direct‐developing limpets in the sub‐Antarctic. Location The sub‐Antarctic coasts of the Southern Ocean including South America, the Falkland/Malvinas, South Georgia, Kerguelen and Macquarie Islands. Methods Multi‐locus phylogenetic reconstructions, mtDNA time‐calibrated divergence time estimations and population‐based analyses of Siphonaria populations were used at the scale of the Southern Ocean. Results We resolve two widely distributed lineages of Siphonaria (S. lateralis and S. fuegiensis) across the sub‐Antarctic. MtDNA divergence time estimates suggest that they were separated around 4.0 Ma (3.0 to 8.0 Ma). Subsequently both species followed different evolutionary pathways across their distributions. Low levels of genetic diversity characterize the populations of both species, reflecting the role of Quaternary glacial cycles during their respective demographic histories, suggesting high levels of dispersal among geographically distant localities. Main conclusions Siphonaria lateralis and S. fuegiensis constitute sister and broadly co‐distributed species across the sub‐Antarctic. Unexpected transoceanic similarities and low levels of genetic diversity in both these direct‐developing species imply recurrent recolonization processes through long‐distance dispersal to isolated sub‐Antarctic islands. For such groups of Southern Ocean invertebrates, rafting may be more effective for long‐distance dispersal than a free‐living planktotrophic larval stage. This biogeographical model may explain why many marine species lacking a dispersal phase exhibit broad distributions, low genetic diversity and low population structure over thousands of kilometres.
Abstract.-Chilean sub-Antarctic Channels region is one of the most diverse regions in molluscs species of the South Pacific Ocean in South America. This region exhibit intertidal zones with a high environmental heterogeneity at a local scale, including seasonal changes in photoperiod, rocky substrate diversity, salinity and temperature gradi ents. This study characterized molluscs assemblages in Róbalo bay 54°55'S (Beagle Channel), identifying spatial-temporal changes in assemblage composition, species richness, abundance, functional groups, and diversity of molluscs species. We registered 34 species comprising 4 functional groups, being mobile herbivores the most diverse group (21 species). The most abundant molluscs were Mytilus edulis platensis and Perumytilus purpuratus. Considering the mobile species only, the most abundant were Laevilitorina caliginosa and Siphonaria lessonii. In seasonal terms, species richness and abundance of mobile herbivores showed an increase during the austral summer. While the abundance of M. edulis platensis and mobile carnivores remained stable during the seasons. Regarding vertical zonation within the intertidal, we found that L. caliginosa is mainly associated with high intertidal, Pareuthria plumbea to the mid-zone, and N. deaurata to the low intertidal zone. Róbalo Bay high beta molluscs diversity was associated to the spatial variability of intertidal zones. These changes can be detected in between sites separated only by hundreds of meters, where local environmental heterogeneity likel y plays a role structuring ecological assemblages and communities Sub-Antarctic channels.Key words: Sub-Antarctic channels, seasonal changes, rocky intertidal, Naticidae, NacellaResumen.-Los canales subantárticos de Chile son una de las regiones con mayor diversidad de moluscos del océano Pacífico en el sur de Sudamérica. Esta región presenta extensas zonas intermareales sujetas a una marcada estacionalidad con cambios en el fotoperiodo y una alta heterogeneidad ambiental, que incluye diversidad de sustrat os, gradientes de salinidad y temperatura. El presente estudio caracterizó el ensamble de moluscos de bahía Róbalo 54°55'S (canal Beagle) y evaluó los cambios espacio-estacionales de la composición, riqueza y diversidad de moluscos. Se registraron 34 especies de moluscos, y se caracterizaron 4 grupos funcionales, siendo el más diverso los herbívoros móviles (21 especies). Los moluscos más abundantes fueron los filtradores sésiles, Mytilus edulis platensis y Perumytilus purpuratus. Las especies móviles más abundantes fueron Laevilitorina caliginosa y Siphonaria lessonii. En términos estacionales, la riqueza de especies y abundancia de los herbívoros móviles presentaron un aumento durante el verano austral. Mi entras que la abundancia de M. edulis platensis y los carnívoros móviles se mantuvieron estables durante las estaciones. Respecto a la zonificación vertical dentro del intermareal, se encontró que L. caliginosa está asociada principalmente al intermareal alto, Pareuthria plumbea a la zo...
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