A study of the molecules noggin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptor in the induction of the prospective neural crest in Xenopus laevis embryos has been carried out, using the expression of the gene Xslu as a marker for the neural crest. We show that when a truncated FGF receptor (XFD) was expressed ectopically in order to block FGF signaling Xslu expression was inhibited. The effect of XFD on Xslu was specific and could be reversed by the coinjection of the wild-type FGF receptor (FGFR). Inhibition of Xslu expression by XFD is not a consequence of neural plate inhibition, as was shown by analyzing Xsox-2 expression. When ectoderm expressing XFD was transplanted into the prospective neural fold region of embryos Xslu induction was inhibited. The neural crest can also be induced by an interaction between neural plate and epidermis. As this induction is suppressed by the presence of XFD in the neural plate and not in the epidermis, it suggests that the neural crest is induced by FGF from the epidermis. However, treatment of neural plate with FGF was not able to induce Xslug expression, showing that in addition to FGF other non-FGF factors are also required. Previously we have suggested that the ectopic ventral expression of Xslu produced by overexpression of noggin mRNA resulted from an interaction of noggin with a ventral signal. Overexpression of XFD inhibits this effect, suggesting that FGF could be one component involved in this ventral signaling. Overexpression of FGFR produced a remarkable increase in the expression of Xslu in the posterior neural folds and around the blastopore. Injections in different blastomeres of the embryo suggest that the target cells of this effect are the ventral cells. Finally, we proposed a model in which the induction of the neural crests at the border of the neural plate requires functional FGF signaling, which possibly interacts with a neural inducer such as noggin.

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Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1474747212000340How to cite this article: OSCAR M. LANDERRETCHE and CLAUDIA MARTÍNEZ (2013). Voluntary savings, nancial behavior, and pension nance literacy: evidence from Chile. AbstractChileans have limited knowledge of the pension system, its rules, and the consequences involved in their personal decisions within it. Using a variation in the household compositionhaving a pensioner in the household -as an instrument, we show that Chileans with greater knowledge about the pension system are more likely to have additional financial savings, but not within the voluntary pension saving plans offered by the pension system. We find that getting one additional answer right in the pension literacy survey (out of six) generates approximately a 50 % additional chance that the individual will save at least in one of the surveyed periods, and a 25 % additional chance that the individual will save in both surveyed periods. We also test for evidence that pension literacy affects worker choices regarding their pension savings (what we call active financial behavior). We find that more literate workers are more likely to engage in pension fund type switching and that independent workers are more likely to voluntarily enter the pension system as affiliates if they have greater pension finance literacy. Getting one additional answer right in the pension literacy survey (out of six) increases the probability of pension fund type switching by 20 % and the probability of voluntary affiliation to the pension system of self-employed workers by 30 %.

Our data support the hypothesis that there is a slight osteopenia of the roof of the superior semicircular canal associated with aging, and this effect seems to be more pronounced in menopausal women.

The results made it possible to show that the 15 psychotherapeutic change process are embodied in the modes of vocal expression of their participants, and that the way in which these different modes are coordinated within the interaction makes it possible to observe regulatory micro-sequences that participate in the therapeutic change process.

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Se expone el sistema de codificación de Patrones de Cualidad Vocal (PCV) y su estudio de confiabilidad. El objetivo fue crear un sistema que permitiese identificar y codificar PVC por medio de una valoración auditiva entrenada. El diseño fue exploratorio-descriptivo y de enfoque mixto, con una muestra intencionada de 12 episodios de cambio extraídos de 3 psicoterapias. Mediante técnicas cualitativas fueron descritos 6 PCV: Reporte, Conectado, Afirmativo, Reflexión, EmocionalExpresivo y Emocional-Contenido. Posteriormente, por medio del coeficiente kappa de Cohen se analizó el grado de concordancia entre jueces independientes en la codificación de los PCV, sobre un total de 516 segmentos, correspondientes a 457 turnos de habla. El sistema mostró una alta confiabilidad inter-jueces y, entre sus ventajas, la posibilidad de analizar procesos psicoterapéuticos, sin importar su orientación teórica o enfoque, y su aplicabilidad al estudio de los PCV empleados por terapeutas y pacientes.Palabras clave: mediciones acústicas, patrones de cualidad vocal, proceso psicoterapéuticoThe coding system Vocal Quality Patterns (VQP) and a reliability study are presented. The aim was to create a system to identify and codify VQP using a trained hearing assessment. The design was descriptive-exploratory, employing a mixed approach, with a convenience sample of 12 episodes of change extracted from 3 psychotherapies. Qualitative techniques were used to describe 6 VQP: Report, Connected, Affirmative, Reflection, Emotional-Expressive and Emotional-Restrained. Subsequently, by Cohen's kappa coefficient the degree of agreement between independent judges, for the coding of the VQP for a total of 516 segments, corresponding to 457 talking turns, was examined. The system showed high inter-rater reliability and, among its advantages, it presents the possibility of analyzing psychotherapeutic processes, regardless of theoretical orientation or approach, and its applicability to the study of VQP used by therapists and patients.Keywords: acoustic measures, vocal quality patterns, psychotherapy process PSYKHE 2011, Vol. 20, N˚ 1, 77-93 La correspondencia relativa a este artículo debe ser dirigida a Alemka Tomicic P., Programa de Doctorado en Psicología,

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