We study three classes of continuous time Markov processes (inclusion process, exclusion process, independent walkers) and a family of interacting diffusions (Brownian energy process). For each model we define a boundary driven process which is obtained by placing the system in contact with proper reservoirs, working at different particle densities or different temperatures. We show that all the models are exactly solvable by duality, using a dual process with absorbing boundaries. The solution does also apply to the so-called thermalization limit in which particles or energy is instantaneously redistributed among sites.The results shows that duality is a versatile tool for analyzing stochastic models of transport, while the analysis in the literature has been so far limited to particular instances. Long-range correlations naturally emerge as a result of the interaction of dual particles at the microscopic level and the explicit computations of covariances match, in the scaling limit, the predictions of the macroscopic fluctuation theory.

We studied 200 consecutive patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical nephrectomy and extensive lymphadenectomy. Of the patients 25% already had distant metastasis at operation. Higher T stages tended to be associated with positive nodes (p less than 0.01) and distant metastasis (p less than 0.001). However, in patients with stage N0M0V0 tumors we found no statistically significant difference in survival in relationship to the T stage of the disease (5-year survival: stage T1 80%, stage T2 68% and stage T3 70%). Of all patients 10% had positive nodes without distant metastases and no venous spread of the tumor, and the 5-year survival rate was 52%. The 5-year survival rate of patients with distant metastases was 7%. Patient survival in the presence of a vena caval tumor thrombus is similar to that of patients with distant metastases. Based on our results the different stages in disease progression may be classified as having a good prognosis--intracapsular tumors (stages T1 to T2, N0M0V0) and tumors with involvement of perirenal fat (stage T3N0M0V0), an intermediate prognosis--tumors with nodal metastases alone (stages T1 to T3, N1 to 2, M0V0) and a poor prognosis--tumors with venous invasion and/or distant metastases. Histological grading and size of tumor can be used to assess prognosis but are not more accurate than pathological staging.

RRP and BT are two different options for the treatment of low-risk CaP, which produce different short-term sequelae in terms of urinary disorders and erective functions, but similar biochemical disease-free survival. Further studies with a higher number of patients and a longer follow-up are needed to evaluate their comparative effectiveness on overall disease-specific survival and metastatic disease.

We test the property of ultrametricity for the spin glass three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson model in zero magnetic field with numerical simulations up to $20^3$ spins. We find an excellent agreement with the prediction of the mean field theory. Since ultrametricity is not compatible with a trivial structure of the overlap distribution our result contradicts the droplet theory.Comment: typos correcte

Usually, in a nonequilibrium setting, a current brings mass from the highest density regions to the lowest density ones. Although rare, the opposite phenomenon (known as "uphill diffusion") has also been observed in multicomponent systems, where it appears as an artificial effect of the interaction among components. We show here that uphill diffusion can be a substantial effect, i.e., it may occur even in single component systems as a consequence of some external work. To this aim we consider the two-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising model in contact with two reservoirs that fix, at the left and the right boundaries, magnetizations of the same magnitude but of opposite signs.We provide numerical evidence that a class of nonequilibrium steady states exists in which, by tuning the reservoir magnetizations, the current in the system changes from "downhill" to "uphill". Moreover, we also show that, in such nonequilibrium setup, the current vanishes when the reservoir magnetization attains a value approaching, in the large volume limit, the magnetization of the equilibrium dynamics, thus establishing a relation between equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties.

The aim of this paper is to prove central limit theorems with respect to the annealed measure for the magnetization rescaled by √ N of Ising models on random graphs. More precisely, we consider the general rank-1 inhomogeneous random graph (or generalized random graph), the 2-regular configuration model and the configuration model with degrees 1 and 2. For the generalized random graph, we first show the existence of a finite annealed inverse critical temperature 0 ≤ β an c < ∞ and then prove our results in the uniqueness regime, i.e., the values of inverse temperature β and external magnetic field B for which either β < β an c and B = 0, or β > 0 and B = 0. In the case of the configuration model, the central limit theorem holds in the whole region of the parameters β and B, because phase transitions do not exist for these systems as they are closely related to one-dimensional Ising models. Our proofs are based on explicit computations that are possible since the Ising model on the generalized random graph in the annealed setting is reduced to an inhomogeneous Curie-Weiss model, while the analysis of the configuration model with degrees only taking values 1 and 2 relies on that of the classical one-dimensional Ising model.

This new minimally invasive male sling procedure is safe and efficacious. Adjusting sling tension by measuring urethral resistance results in a low rate of over correction and failure. Further experience is needed to establish this procedure as treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence.

We apply our general method of duality, introduced in [15], to models\ud of population dynamics. The classical dualities between forward\ud and ancestral processes can be viewed as a change of representation\ud in the classical creation and annihilation operators, both for diffusions\ud dual to coalescents of Kingman’s type, as well as for models with finite\ud population size.\ud Next, using SU(1, 1) raising and lowering operators, we find new\ud dualities between the Wright-Fisher diffusion with d types and the\ud Moran model, both in presence and absence of mutations. These new\ud dualities relates two forward evolutions. From our general scheme we\ud also identify self-duality of the Moran model