The original description of Rivudiva trichobasis Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, 1998 is short, with few illustrations. The lack of information resulted in a broad specific diagnosis, with emphasis on the spine-like setae on the antenna. Our hypothesis is that the lack of information resulted in many species being hidden behind R. trichobasis name. We evaluated the species R. coveloae (Traver, 1971) and R. venezuelensis (Traver, 1943) considering the new evidence. After analyzing the paratype of R. trichobasis and records of the species in Brazil, the hidden-species hypothesis was corroborated. Five new species were identified among the published records of R. trichobasis of which four are described here: R. amazona sp. nov. (Roraima State), R. oxum sp. nov. (Rondônia State), R. uiara sp. nov. (Amazonas State), R. naia sp. nov. (Roraima State). The fifth species, Rivudiva sp. X from Maranhão State, could not be described due to the poor conservation of the specimen and is therefore left in open nomenclature. Records from Espírito Santo State (Brazil) and from Paraguay are treated as putative and must be evaluated considering the new evidence. Rivudiva venezuelensis and Rivudiva coveloae are diagnosed and illustrated based on type material. After analyzing these two species, we hypothesize that only R. coveloae likely belongs to the genus Rivudiva. However, information on the nymphal stage is needed to corroborate this hypothesis.
After the worst mine-tailing dam disaster which occurred in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, it was necessary to understand the extent of the biodiversity loss. Thus, based on legal obligations, a monitoring of the fauna and flora along the Rio Doce basin was developed. From this large study, surprisingly, two undescribed psammophilous mayfly species were collected. Given the environmental disaster, and the particular concern with species that inhabiting sandy bottom, the two new species may be already threatened. Considering the reported circumstances, our objective is to described the new species and carry out their extinction risk assessment following the IUCN protocol. Apobaetis irai sp. nov. can be distinguished by the size and shape of the setae in the distal middle area of the dorsal surface of the labrum, with 3 minutes, blunt spatulate setae and the shape of the labial palp; is likely to be threated, plausibly eligible, at least, as Vulnerable (VU) B2ab(iii)+D2. Rivudiva watu sp. nov., can be distinguished by the distal shape of glossae, absence of row of setae on ventral margin on the hind tibiae and hypopharynx without distomedial projection; given its distribution, it was not directly impacted by the disaster, however, there is not enough data to accurately estimate the extent of its occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO), therefore, it may be eligible for Data Deficient (DD).
Baetidae is one of the most taxon-rich families in the order Ephemeroptera, and the most studied mayfly in Brazil. Despite recent advances, the vast majority of the Brazilian territory has not yet had its diversity well documented. Some of these critical gaps are in the South-Western Amazon, with emphasis on the state of Rondônia due to the high level of environmental threat (especially deforestation). In the state, only one small survey was carried out 11 years ago. Given this scenario, the objective of this study is to describe two new species and provide access to primary biodiversity data of the family Baetidae in Rondônia. As a result, two new species, Baetodes vermelho sp. nov. and Baetodes cerejeiras sp. nov., are described. Baetodes vermelho sp. nov. can be differentiated from other species by the presence of robust and pointed setae on the dorsal margin of the femora and coxal gills with medial constriction; Baetodes cerejeiras sp. nov. can be differentiated from B. liviae Polegatto & Salles, 2008 (in Salles & Polegatto, 2008) and B. capixaba Souza, Salles & Nessimian, 2011 by the absence of a tubercle on the metanotum, the presence of small blunt setae on the dorsal arc of the labrum, and less prominent tubercles on the abdomen. We have documented 50 species across 54 sites in the Rondônia. Among these, 18 species are being reported for the first time in the state, three species are recorded for the first time in the north of Brazil, and two species are new records for Brazil. Rondônia is the most speciose state in Brazil regarding the family Baetidae.
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