-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, and rumen microbial synthesis in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. Five crossbred heifers, averaging 209 kg and fitted with ruminal fistulla, were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 5.08%, as dry matter (DM) basis. The five treatments were defined according to the increasing level of CP in the diet (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 percentile points above the forage CP level). The supplement consisted of the following nitrogen sources: urea, ammonium sulfate and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5. 28, 8.08, 9.82, 11.87, and 13.63% on DM basis. The intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) showed a quadratic response according to CP levels in the diet, with maximum responses at 10.83%, 10.78%, and 10.37% CP, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of OM and NDF showed a linear-response-plateau response according to CP levels, with the plateau beginning (maximum response) at 7.93% and 7.55% CP, respectively. The average daily concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was positively related with CP levels. The RAN estimate associated with the maximum DM intake was 15.33 mg/dL. It was observed that intestinal flow of microbial nitrogenous compounds and nitrogen intake became equivalent to each other at 7.13% of CP. 8,08; 9,82; 11,87 e 13,63%, com base na matéria seca (MS). Verificou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de PB na dieta sobre os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (kg/dia), com respostas máximas nos níveis de 10,83%, 10,78% e 10,37% de PB, respectivamente.

This work aimed to parameterize the ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The intake, rumen outflow (L), fractional degradation rate (kd), discrete lag (LAG) and effective degradability (ED) of NDF, and the microbial flow of nitrogenous compounds into the small intestine (Nmic) were assessed in two 5 × 5 Latin square experiments by using five Holstein × Zebu heifers cannulated in the rumen. The experiments were carried out sequentially and the treatments were formed by increasing the level of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds. A low-quality signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) hay was used as roughage. The nitrogen supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate and albumin, at the ratios of 4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively. The crude protein contents in the diets ranged from 51.9 to 136.3 g/kg of dry matter. The rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) concentration was used as an independent variable. The NDF intake, L and Nmic showed a quadratic pattern (P b 0.05) as a function of RAN concentration, and the critical points (maximum responses) were observed with 15.17, 16.28, and 14.52 mg of RAN/dL of rumen fluid, respectively. On the other hand, ED and LAG presented a linear-response-plateau (P b 0.05) according to the RAN concentration, with break points close to 8 mg/dL for ED (maximum estimate) and LAG (minimum estimate). The RAN concentrations to optimize NDF degradation and intake were defined as 8 and 15 mg/dL, respectively. This difference between estimates appears to be due to a better adequacy of the metabolizable protein:metabolizable energy ratio in the animal metabolism, which increases the animal intake even after the rumen NDF degradation has been optimized. This observation was supported by Nmic pattern. An adapted Michaelis-Menten model was applied to the data, where RAN was the independent variable and kd the dependent variable. The relationship between these variables was found to be significant by using the Hanes-Woolf plot (P b 0.01). Based on this model, the rate of NDF degradation as a function of RAN concentration indicates that fibre degradation in the rumen could be considered a second order process. In this context, the RAN concentration of 8 mg/dL was assumed as the limit where zero order (below limit) and first order (above limit) reactions become predominant for NDF degradation in the rumen.Abbreviations: ADFom(n), Acid detergent fibre corrected for ash and nitrogenous compounds;ADIP, Acid detergent insoluble protein;BCVFA, Branched-chain volatile fatty acids;CP, Crude protein;DM, Dry matter;ED, Effective degradability of neutral detergent fibre;EE, Ether extract;kd, Fractional degradation rate of NDF; km, The Michaelis-Menten constant;L, Time-dependent rate parameter associated with rumen flow of fibrous particles;LAG, Discrete lag for fibre degradation; Lignin (sa), Lignin determined by solubilization of cellulose with sulphuric acid;aNDFom(n), Neutral detergent fibre assayed with a heat stable amylase and c...

-The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, and rumen microbial synthesis in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. Five crossbred heifers, averaging 209 kg and fitted with ruminal fistulla, were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 5.08%, as dry matter (DM) basis. The five treatments were defined according to the increasing level of CP in the diet (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 percentile points above the forage CP level). The supplement consisted of the following nitrogen sources: urea, ammonium sulfate and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5. 28, 8.08, 9.82, 11.87, and 13.63% on DM basis. The intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) showed a quadratic response according to CP levels in the diet, with maximum responses at 10.83%, 10.78%, and 10.37% CP, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of OM and NDF showed a linear-response-plateau response according to CP levels, with the plateau beginning (maximum response) at 7.93% and 7.55% CP, respectively. The average daily concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was positively related with CP levels. The RAN estimate associated with the maximum DM intake was 15.33 mg/dL. It was observed that intestinal flow of microbial nitrogenous compounds and nitrogen intake became equivalent to each other at 7.13% of CP. 8,08; 9,82; 11,87 e 13,63%, com base na matéria seca (MS). Verificou-se efeito quadrático dos níveis de PB na dieta sobre os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (kg/dia), com respostas máximas nos níveis de 10,83%, 10,78% e 10,37% de PB, respectivamente.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of nitrogenous compounds and/or starch supplementation on the intake, digestibility and rumen dynamics of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. Four crossbred heifers (Holstein x Zebu) with a body weight 231.9 +/- 15.5 kg and fitted with ruminal cannulae were used. The forage fed to the animals consisted of low-quality signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, with an average crude protein (CP) level of 51.6 g/kg, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Four treatments were evaluated: control, without supplementation; supplementation with nitrogenous compounds (CP of the roughage was raised to 100 g/kg), on a DM basis; supplementation with starch at a ratio of 200 g/kg DM of roughage; and supplementation with nitrogenous compounds and starch as described above. A mixture of urea, ammonium sulphate and albumin was used as a source of nitrogenous compounds at a ratio of 4.5:0.5:1.0. The experiment was carried out according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. There was a positive effect of the nitrogenous compound supplementation on the DM and NDF intake (P < 0.01). In contrast, starch supplementation decreased forage intake (P < 0.10). Nitrogen supplementation increased the digestibility coefficient of DM and NDF (P < 0.05). Supplementation with nitrogen and starch together increased the microbial assimilation of nitrogenous compounds in the rumen (P < 0.05). We observed that nitrogen supplementation increased the estimated weighted degradation rate of NDF by 14.8%, whilst starch supplementation decreased this rate by 32.5%.

-The objective of this experiment was to evaluate estimates of concentration of indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in samples of cattle feed and feces processed at different particle sizes (1-, 2-, and 3-mm) using bags made from nylon (50 μm), F57 (Ankom ® ), and nonwoven textile (NWT -100 g/m²) in a in situ evaluation procedure. Eight samples of concentrates, seven samples of forages and two samples of cattle feces were used. The samples were put in the bags according to a ratio of 20 mg of dry matter/cm² of surface by using three bags of each textile for each size of particle, totaling 405 bags, which were submitted to ruminal incubation for 264 hours. The contents of indigestible compounds in the samples were evaluated sequentially. Blank bags were used for microscopic evaluation of textile physical integrity and for evaluation of the physical resistance. The presence of contaminants caused high variability of results of iDM, indicating that its using as internal marker should not be recommended.By using the textiles F57 and NWT, similar estimates for contents of iNDF and iADF were obtained whereas by using nylon (50 μm), the concentration of iNDF was underestimated, possibly because of loss of particles due to its porosity. Nylon presented loss of resistance in all analytical stages, expanding its probality of rupture, especially after extraction with acid detergent. For in situ evaluation of indigestible compounds, it is suggested grinding samples in 2-mm screen sieves.Key Words: F57, internal markers, nylon, non-woven textile, particle size Estimação in situ dos componentes indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes de bovinos com sacos de diferentes tecidos RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar as estimativas de concentração de matéria seca (MSi), fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi) indigestíveis em amostras de alimentos e fezes bovinas processadas em diferentes tamanhos de partículas (1, 2 e 3 mm) utilizando-se sacos confeccionados com os tecidos nylon (50 μm), F57 (Ankom ® ) e tecido não-tecido (TNT -100 g/m 2 ) em procedimento de avaliação in situ.

-The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on rumen dynamics of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. Five crossbred heifers with average live weight of 180 kg and fitted with rumen cannulae were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 4.86% of dry matter (DM). The five treatments were proposed in order to raise the CP level of diets to 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 percentile points above the CP level of the forage. The supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate, and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5. 19, 7.11, 8.60, 11.67, and 13.02% on DM basis. The potentially degradable NDF was linearly increased according to the CP levels in diet up to 6.97% of CP. From this point, there was stabilization of estimates (47.87% of NDF). The degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF was linearly increased with the CP levels in diets. The rumen flow of fibrous particles (L) showed a linear-response-plateau pattern according to the CP levels in diets. The plateau (maximum estimate) began on 7.24% of CP. The mean retention time in the rumen and the rumen fill effect of undegradable NDF were affect by the CP levels similarly to L, with plateau (minimum) beginning on 6.90 and 6.97% of CP, respectively.Key Words: rumen degradation, rumen fill, signal grass, supplementation, urea Dinâmica ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro em bovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade e suplemento com compostos nitrogenados RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com compostos nitrogenados sobre a dinâmica ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em bovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas mestiças Holandês × Zebu, com peso vivo médio inicial de 180 kg, fistuladas no rúmen. A alimentação volumosa basal dos animais foi constituída por feno de capim-praquiátia (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) (4,86% de PB, com base na MS), fornecido à vontade. Os cinco tratamentos avaliados foram definidos de acordo com o nível de suplementação protéica (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 pontos percentuais acima do nível de PB da forragem, utilizando-se como fonte de compostos nitrogenados mistura de uréia, sulfato de amônia e albumina, nas proporções de 4,5:0,5:1,0, respectivamente. O experimento foi constituído de cinco períodos experimentais, segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5. Os níveis médios de PB nas dietas foram de 5,19; 7,19; 8,60; 11,67 e 13,02%, com base na MS. Verificou-se elevação linear da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN até o nível de 6,97% de PB, com platô estimado de 47,87% da FDN. A taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN aumentou linearmente com os níveis de PB da dieta. O fluxo ruminal de partículas fibr...

RESUMOAvaliaram-se as dinâmicas de trânsito e degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em bovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade e compostos nitrogenados. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas Holandês x Zebu fistuladas no rúmen. A alimentação volumosa basal dos animais foi constituída por feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.), com 5,08% de proteína bruta (PB), com base na matéria seca (MS), fornecido ad libitum. Os cinco tratamentos avaliados foram definidos de acordo com o nível de suplementação proteica (0, 3, 5, 7 e 9 pontos percentuais acima do nível de PB da forragem). Como fonte de compostos nitrogenados, empregou-se mistura de ureia:sulfato de amônia:albumina (4,5:0,5:1,0). O experimento foi estruturado segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os níveis médios de PB nas dietas foram de 5,28; 8,08; 9,82; 11,87 e 13,63%, com base na MS. Verificou-se elevação linear (P<0,05) da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN até o nível de 8,62% de PB, com platô estimado de 47,92% da FDN. Verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre a taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN em função dos níveis de PB da dieta, com máxima resposta estimada sobre 13,39% de PB. O fluxo ruminal de partículas fibrosas apresentou relação linear-response-plateau em função do nível de PB na dieta (P<0,05), com ponto crítico para o início do platô sobre 7,59% de PB.Palavras-chave: Brachiaria decumbens, repleção ruminal, suplementação, taxa de degradação, taxa de passagem (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 percentile points above the CP level of the roughage). The supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate, and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5.28, 8.08, 9.82, 11.87, and 13.63% in DM basis. The potentially degradable Recebido em 11 de setembro de ABSTRACT Rumen transit and degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in cattle fed

-The objective of this work was to estimate the total recovering and the long term bias of the estimates of fecal excretion using the external markers chromic oxide and titanium dioxide and internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in a digestion assay with cattle fed different diets. Fourteen F1 Red Angus × Nellore averaging 12 months and 287 kg were used. The animals were fed with elephant grass silage, corn silage or signal grass hay and supplemented or not with 20% of concentrate. The experiment consisted of two 13-days experimental periods according to a 2 × 2 Latin square design with seven squares. The animals received 10 g/d of chromic oxide and titanium dioxide through esophageal sounder. There was no effect of forage, concentrate or their interaction on fecal recovering of external and internal markers. The average fecal recovering of chromic oxide and titanium dioxide were 99.50% and 101.95%, respectively. iDM, iNDF and iADF presented average fecal recovering of 99.02%, 98.87% and 102.07%, respectively. For all markers the fecal recovering was found to be 100% and all of them presented no long term bias. However, higher precision was observed for fecal excretion estimates obtained with internal markers. Todos os indicadores avaliados podem ser considerados isentos de vício de tempo longo. Contudo, maior precisão é verificada para as estimativas de excreção fecal obtidas com indicadores internos.Palavras-chave: dióxido de titânio, fibra em detergente ácido indigestível, fibra em detergente neutro indigestível, matéria seca indigestível, óxido crômico Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia