ResumoEste trabalho apresenta um estudo florístico das Orchidaceae de Morro do Chapéu, município pertencente à Chapada Diamantina e localizado no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Cinquenta e três espécies distribuídas em 29 gêneros foram reconhecidas no presente trabalho. Dentre os gêneros mais diversos no município destacam-se Epidendrum (cinco espécies), Gomesa (cinco), Encyclia (quatro), e Habenaria (quatro). Morro do Chapéu apresentou 25 espécies exclusivas quando comparado com outros levantamentos regionais da Chapada Diamantina, contribuindo com quatro novos registros para esta área (Galeandra beyrichii, Gomesa barbata, Habenaria josephensis e Prescottia oligantha). Quinze espécies listadas neste levantamento não ocorrem nas outras áreas do leste brasileiro comparadas, estando distribuídas apenas ao longo da Cadeia do Espinhaço. Diferenças no tipo vegetacional, extensão territorial, grau de antropização e amostragem parecem interferir na similaridade florística dessas áreas. São apresentados chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações e comentários sobre as espécies. Palavras-chave: Chapada Diamantina, florística, orquídea, taxonomia. AbstractThis work presents a floristic survey of Orchidaceae in Morro do Chapéu, municipality situated in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Fifty three species in twenty nine genera are hereby recognized. Epidendrum (five species), Gomesa (five), Encyclia (four), and Habenaria (four) were registered as the most diverse genera in the region. Morro do Chapéu had twenty five exclusive species compared with other regional surveys in the Chapada Diamantina, contributing with four new records for this area (Galeandra beyrichii, Gomesa barbata, Habenaria josephensis and Prescottia oligantha). Fifteen species listed do not occur in other compared areas of Eastern Brazil, being only distributed over the Cadeia do Espinhaço. Differences among vegetation types, territorial ranges, anthropical degrees and samples, seem to interfere with the floristic similarity of these areas. An identification key, descriptions, commentaries and illustrations of species are provided.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

A taxonomic revision of the Brazilian species of Encyclia is presented, based on analysis of roughly 1,400 herbarium specimens, including types. Thirty-nine species and one variety are listed for Brazil; we indicate 101 synonyms, of which eight are newly proposed. Lectotypes are chosen for five names (E. chironii, E. dutrae, E. paraënsis, E. tripartita and Epidendrum capartianum), including accepted names and synonyms. Two names are indicated as invalid (E. randii var. rondoniensis and E. vazzoleri), one name as a nomen nudum (E. guesneliana) and another as superfluous (Epidendrum pabstii). The occurrence of E. auyantepuiensis and E. thienii is confirmed for Brazil, and new occurrences are documented of E. fimbriata in Minas Gerais (in addition to Bahia) and E. linearifolioides in Maranhão and possibly Paraná (in addition to Matto Grosso and Tocatins States and Bolivia and Paraguay). All species are described and illustrated, and distribution maps are included. For both varieties of E. patens, nomenclatural and taxonomic notes are provided.

The floristic survey of Catasetum (Orchidaceae) from the state of Bahia, Brazil, is presented. Six species were recognized: C. blackii, C. hookeri, C. luridum, C. macrocarpum, C. purum, and C. roseo-album. The treatment includes description of taxa, as well as key for identification, illustrations, and commentaries for species.

In a recent taxonomic revision of the Brazilian species of Encyclia, we detected a need for several nomenclatural changes. Among the most important, we present here the clarification of several synonyms: Encyclia kundergraberi, E. santanae and E. zaslawskiana are synonymized under E. andrichii; E. ghillanyi under E. jenischiana; E. tarumana under E. mapuerae; E. edithiana and E. maderoi under E. replicate; and E. marxiana under E. viridiflora. Additionally, we designate lectotypes for E. ionosma, E. jenischiana and E. maderoi and neotypes for E. mapuerae and E. tarumana.

A survey of Encyclia (Orchidaceae) species in Bahia state, Brazil, is performed as a contribution to the flora of this region. We recognized 13 species, and one variety of Encyclia from Bahia. A key for identification, descriptions, illustrations and commentaries for taxa are presented. We propose the synonymization of E. silvana under E. bohnkiana and the lectotypification of Epidendrum roseum and its synonymization under Encyclia dichroma.

O CRISPR/Cas9 é um mecanismo de memória adaptativa bacteriano que se apresenta como uma das plataformas mais eficazes de edição genética, permitindo manipular de forma precisa qualquer sequência genômica. Ao longo de uma década foram feitas inúmeras publicações utilizando esta técnica em diversos modelos biológicos, com diferentes finalidades. A Drosophila melanogaster é um modelo biológico utilizado massivamente nos trabalhos na área da Genética e também tem sido alvo de interesse nos experimentos realizados com CRISPR/Cas9, justamente pelas características inerentes ao sucesso desse modelo biológico que conta com ciclo de vida curto, fenótipos facilmente observáveis, genoma pequeno e numerosos descendentes ao longo das gerações, o que permite avaliar facilmente os resultados de edição genômica promovido pela técnica. É apresentada uma revisão sistemática das publicações em inglês e português, no recorte temporal de 2010 a 2020, nas plataformas on-line: Science Direct e Microsoft Academic Search, buscando analisar as metodologias, genes alvo e singularidades dos protocolos apresentados afim de descrever um protocolo inicial de execução da técnica CRISPR-Cas9 em D. melanogaster. Foram encontrados 4181 artigos e filtrados 48 a partir de critérios estabelecidos para inclusão e exclusão. Os principais resultados encontrados conferem aos genes mais utilizados, fase de aplicação de microinjeção nas drosófilas, montagem do plasmídeo para edição gênica e pH específico para a solução da injeção. Conclui-se que a técnica ainda precisa ser aprimorada em estudos que visam múltiplos genes, sendo necessário reduzir a perspectiva de cortes fora do alvo genético de interesse e simplificação da construção do vetor de edição. No entanto, a montagem da técnica associada a simplicidade de manuseio em Drosophila mostra-se de coerente aplicabilidade em centros de pesquisa nacionais desde que as instituições atentem ao rigor ético necessário à tal manipulação.

A new orchid species from Brazil, Encyclia fimbriata, is described and illustrated. It is known only from montane rain forest in southern Bahia. Flower morphology, especially the fringed midlobe of the labellum, crested callus and teeth of the clinandrium, distinguish it from any other species of the genus.