The crystallization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl) propionic acid] ibuprofen (IBP) on a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) gel was studied as well as the release kinetics of the drug. The IBP was crystallized on the gel surface of HPC/PAAm. It had a prismatic shape and the growth was made in an aqueous medium; the crystallinity grade of the gels HPC/PAAm and HPC/PAAm-IBU increased to 68% and to 58%, respectively. The release of IBP is performed by two means: by a non-Fickian diffusion process and by relaxation of the chains of the gel; without regard to temperature and the diffusion media, this correlates with the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the proposed gel. This polymer matrix provides an option for releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a temperature range of 35–39°C. Korsmeyer and Peppas mathematical model was simulated for data releases, statistically significant at 95% confidence level.
Currently, acne in adolescents and adults is caused by an infection in follicles caused by hormonal changes, stress, water pollution, air, and earth; the last one comes into contact with the skin through the hands of patients. This project presents the incorporation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to the hydroxyethylcellulose/polyacrylamide gel (HEC/PAAm) in the synthesis of gel or by its swelling.The results show us that the incorporation of ASA is possible by both methods; first, the incorporation by synthesis of degradation of the gel is more visible. The infrared spectroscopic analysis shows the functional groups of gel and ASA, 2921 and 2863 cm −1 , whose assignments correspond to CH 3 and CH 2 groups, which are part of both the polymer and the ASA molecule, which confirms the interaction between the two groups. The microscopy photographs (SEM) show on the surface the drug in irregular whitish orthorhombic forms due to swelling; arborescent structures are observed in the case of the incorporation of the ASA drug by synthesis. Swelling kinetics has a Fickian form. The Higuchi model conforms to the release of ASA because the level of confidence is 90%. This gel was allowed to release 0.35 mg/hour, thus allowing the patient to have a continuous form of the release, in the affected area in a short period of time.
Hydrogels are commonly used as Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) as patches due to its ability to store drug molecules within their structures. The release can be activated under certain stimuli, such as temperature and pH. In this paper, the mathematical modelling of acetaminophen release in hydroxypropyl cellulose with polyacrylamide (HPC/PAAm) is reported. The HPC/PAAm gel was synthesized in proportions of 25/75 wt% and was characterized by FTIR, DSC, optical microscopy, SEM, and TGA, with and without acetaminophen. The release tests were performed for hypothermic, normal, and febrile human body conditions, at 35, 37, and 39°C, respectively, on two release media: water and phosphate buffer solution. In order to describe the release of acetaminophen in HPC/PAAm gel, a genetic programming algorithm was used to accomplish Multigene Symbolic Regression (MSR). Characterization results showed that the drug was crystallized on the surface of the HPC/PAAm gel. Release test results showed that several simultaneous processes occurred in the acetaminophen diffusion phenomenon. A unique mathematical model was obtained by MSR. This model was able to describe the release of acetaminophen in HPC/PAAm gel with high values of R 2 and adjusted R 2 and to simulate the drug release at times beyond the end of the experiment. High values of R 2 and low values of Coefficient of Variation (CV), Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were obtained from the comparison between the simulated and the experimental data. This allows to conclude that the mathematical model is reliable to represent and simulate the acetaminophen release in HPC/PAAm gel at 35, 37, and 39°C.
Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) is a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer which is responsive to the temperature and pH values that can be reached by the human body. Polyacrylamide (PAAm) is a biocompatible and absorbent material which is highly used as a Drug Delivery System (DDS) due to its swelling capacity. In this work, a composite of HEC and PAAm was synthesized at a ratio of 25/75 wt% in order to evaluate its use as a transdermal DDS for acetaminophen. Drug release tests were performed in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 35, 37, and 39 °C. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model was presented as a mathematical optimization problem and solved by Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. Additionally, drug release data was modelled by Multigene Symbolic Regression (MSR) based on Genetic Programming (GP) algorithm. A drug release mathematical model was generated by MSR. The model is capable to reliably describe the kinetics of acetaminophen release from HEC/PAAm and to predict the concentrations of drug that is released in times beyond the experiment runtime.
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