Social transfers are increasingly seen as a key tool in east and southern Africa for combating the triple threat of chronic poverty, hunger and HIV. In designing programmes, targeting has emerged as a contentious issue in the region. Compared with other regions, programmes in sub-Saharan Africa have been characterised by multiple targeting methodologies, including a substantial role of the community in identifying and prioritising beneficiaries. To help better understand some of the different targeting approaches in the region and their effectiveness, this paper examines cash transfer programmes in Kenya, Malawi and Mozambique. The paper finds that targeting in the three programmes is effective in reaching the poorest households.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Rights and PermissionsAll rights reserved.The text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long as the source is cited. Reproductions for commercial purposes are forbidden. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC -IG)Poverty Practice, Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco O, 7º andar 70052-900 Brasilia, DF -Brazil Telephone: +55 61 2105 5000 E-mail: ipc@ipc-undp.org URL: www.ipc-undp.orgThe International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth disseminates the findings of its work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. The papers are signed by the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions that they express are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the United Nations Development Programme or the Government of Brazil.Working Papers are available online at www.ipc-undp.org and subscriptions can be requested by email to ipc@ipc-undp.orgPrint ISSN: 1812-108X EXTERNALITY AND BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE EFFECTS OF A NON-RANDOMISED CCT PROGRAMME: HETEROGENEOUS IMPACT ON THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH AND EDUCATION *Clarissa Teixeira;** Fabio Veras Soares;** Rafael Ribas;*** Elydia Silva**** and Guilherme Hirata***** ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the impact of the pilot phase of Paraguay's conditional cash transfer programme, Tekoporã, on the demand for healthcare and education, and how much of this impact was due to the cash transfers and/or due to changes in behaviour/preferences, possibly as an effect of other, non-monetary programme components such as the conditionalities and family support visits. It also explores the presence of externalities effects through a decomposition of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) into participation and externality effect. This decomposition was possible thanks to the use of two distinct comparison groups, one within the village and possibly exposed to the externality, and another in a different district not affected by the programme. The results indicate that the programme was successful in improving children's attendance at school and increasing visits to the health centres. They also suggest that the positive impacts do not reach non-beneficiary families (no externality effect). In the pilot phase, with no conditionality enforcement in place, the role of conditionality and social worker visits is not yet clear. No differential effect was found for those who w...

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Rights and PermissionsAll rights reserved.The text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long as the source is cited. Reproductions for commercial purposes are forbidden. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC -IG)Poverty Practice, Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco O, 7º andar 70052-900 Brasilia, DF -Brazil Telephone: +55 61 2105 5000 E-mail: ipc@ipc-undp.org URL: www.ipc-undp.orgThe International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth disseminates the findings of its work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. The papers are signed by the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions that they express are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the United Nations Development Programme or the Government of Brazil.Working Papers are available online at www.ipc-undp.org and subscriptions can be requested by email to ipc@ipc-undp.orgPrint ISSN: 1812-108X BEYOND CASH: ASSESSING EXTERNALITY AND BEHAVIOUR EFFECTS OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL CASH TRANSFERS *Rafael Perez Ribas,** Fábio Veras Soares,*** Clarissa Teixeira,*** Elydia Silva,**** and Guilherme Hirata,***** ABSTRACTIn this paper we propose a method to estimate externality effects in cash transfer programmes, even in cases when the benefit is not randomly assigned. Externality is assessed through the decomposition of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) into participation (direct) effect and externality (indirect) effect. We also suggest a nonparametric decomposition to investigate whether changes in household outcomes are caused by the income transfer itself or by the other non-monetary components of the programme, such as conditionalities and family support services. We apply all these decompositions on the effect of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme on household consumption and savings in Paraguay. This was possible because of the presence of two distinct comparison groups, one within the village and potentially exposed to the externality, and another in a different village not affected by the programme. Furthermore, the evaluation survey collected information on both income and consumption. The results indicate that the programme has a small impact on consumption and a considerable impact on savings. In the absence of externality, however, the programme would have a higher effect on consumption, mostly associated wi...

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Rights and PermissionsAll rights reserved.The text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long as the source is cited. Reproductions for commercial purposes are forbidden. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC -IG)Poverty Practice, Bureau for Development Policy, UNDP Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco O, 7º andar 70052-900 Brasilia, DF -Brazil Telephone: +55 61 2105 5000 E-mail: ipc@ipc-undp.org URL: www.ipc-undp.orgThe International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth disseminates the findings of its work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. The papers are signed by the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions that they express are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the United Nations Development Programme or the Government of Brazil.Working Papers are available online at www.ipc-undp.org and subscriptions can be requested by email to ipc@ipc-undp.orgPrint ISSN: 1812-108X BEYOND CASH: ASSESSING EXTERNALITY AND BEHAVIOUR EFFECTS OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL CASH TRANSFERS *Rafael Perez Ribas,** Fábio Veras Soares,*** Clarissa Teixeira,*** Elydia Silva,**** and Guilherme Hirata,***** ABSTRACTIn this paper we propose a method to estimate externality effects in cash transfer programmes, even in cases when the benefit is not randomly assigned. Externality is assessed through the decomposition of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) into participation (direct) effect and externality (indirect) effect. We also suggest a nonparametric decomposition to investigate whether changes in household outcomes are caused by the income transfer itself or by the other non-monetary components of the programme, such as conditionalities and family support services. We apply all these decompositions on the effect of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme on household consumption and savings in Paraguay. This was possible because of the presence of two distinct comparison groups, one within the village and potentially exposed to the externality, and another in a different village not affected by the programme. Furthermore, the evaluation survey collected information on both income and consumption. The results indicate that the programme has a small impact on consumption and a considerable impact on savings. In the absence of externality, however, the programme would have a higher effect on consumption, mostly associated wi...

BackgroundThe Tabora Maternal and Newborn Health Initiative project was a multicomponent intervention to improve maternal and newborn health in the Tabora region of Tanzania. Components included training healthcare providers and community health workers, infrastructure upgrades, and improvements to health management. This study aimed to examine the impact of trainings on four key outcomes: skilled birth attendance, antenatal care, respectful maternity care and patient–provider communication.MethodsTrainings were delivered sequentially at four time points between 2018 and 2019 in eight districts (two districts at a time). Cross-sectional surveys were administered to a random sample of households in all districts at baseline and after each training wave. Due to practical necessities, the original stepped wedge cluster randomised design of the evaluation was altered mid-programme. Therefore, a difference-in-differences for multiple groups in multiple periods was adopted to compare outcomes in treated districts to not yet treated districts. Risk differences were estimated for the overall average treatment effect on the treated and group/time dynamic effects.ResultsRespondents reported 3895 deliveries over the course of the study. The intervention was associated with a 12.9 percentage point increase in skilled birth attendance (95% CI 0.4 to 25.4), which began to increase 4 months after the end of training in each district. There was little evidence of impact on antenatal care visits, respectful treatment during delivery and patient–provider communication.ConclusionInterventions to train local healthcare workers in basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care increased skilled birth attendance but had limited impact on other pregnancy-related outcomes.

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The "Excellence in Education Management Program" is an initiative of continuing training of educational management in schools and the introduction of a "parenting coordinator" whose function is to promote linkages between family and school via home visits. There were employed different complementary evaluation approaches: monitoring and mixed evaluation methods. This paper addresses the quantitative part of the impact assessment that measures the effect of the program on student performance in Portuguese and Mathematics using SARESP data. We obtained positive and significant effects in some grades, therefore not a generalized result, but robust methods. The joint analysis of the evaluations suggests which goals were feasible to be implemented. The interpretative hypotheses contributed to enhance the scope of the program favoring timely adjustments. Resumo O programa "Excelência em Gestão Educacional" é uma iniciativa de formação continuada de gestão do trabalho pedagógico e de inserção do profissional "coordenador de pais" nas escolas, cuja função é favorecer vínculos entre família e instituição escolar por meio de visitas domiciliares. Como estratégia de gestão, optou-se por empregar diferentes abordagens avaliativas complementares: avaliação de processo e métodos mistos. Esse texto trata da parte quantitativa da avaliação de impacto, que mede o efeito do programa sobre o desempenho dos alunos nas notas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática, usando dados do SARESP. Foram obtidos impactos positivos e significativos em algumas séries, portanto não generalizados, porém robustos aos métodos. A análise conjunta das avaliações permite concluir quais objetivos foram factíveis de serem concretizados e as hipóteses interpretativas contribuem para o amadurecimento do real alcance do programa, favorecendo ajustes oportunos.

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