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Environmental investigations have been conducted at 23 military firing ranges in the United States and Canada. The specific training facilities most frequently evaluated were hand grenade, antitank rocket, and artillery ranges. Energetic compounds (explosives and propellants) were determined and linked to the type of munition used and the major mechanisms of deposition.

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Field sampling experiments were conducted at various locations on training ranges at three military installations within North America. The areas investigated included an anti-tank range firing point, an anti-tank range impact area, an artillery-range firing point, and an artillery-range impact area. The purpose of this study was to develop practical sampling strategies to reliably estimate mean concentrations of residues from munitions found in surface soil at various types of live-fire training ranges. The ranges studied differ in the types of energetic residues deposited and the mode of deposition. In most cases, the major source zones for these residues are the top two or three centimeters of soil. Multi-increment sampling was used to reduce the variance between field sample replicates and to enhance sample representativeness. Based on these criteria the results indicate that a single or a few discrete samples do not provide representative data for these types of sites. However, samples built from at least 25 increments provided data that was sufficiently representative to allow for the estimation of energetic residue mass loading in surface soils and to characterize the training activity at a given location, thereby addressing two objectives that frequently are common to both environmental and forensic investigations.

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HPLC separation and chromophoric detection w i l l stay away from most visible and UV absorbing impurities that preexisted in the samples.Galactose and Mannose Released from Human Serum Glycoprotein. The present procedure was also applied for the determination of monosaccharides released from serum glycoprotein on acid hydrolysis. A representative HPLC profile of serum glycoprotein hydrolysates is given in Figure 10. The contents of galactose and mannose in the serum glycoprotein were found to be 360 and 260 mg/L, respectively.A previous ion exchange chromatography method gave the values of 414 (range, 302-575) and 392 (range, 345-626) mg/L for galactose and mannose, respectively (2). It seems that both methods give the comparable values for the levels of these two monosaccharides in serum glycoprotein. The present HPLC analysis was accomplished in 40 min; whereas the previous method required 18-19 h. Furthermore, the dabsylhydrazone method used far less serum sample (0.05 mL instead of 0.5 mL in the previous method). Theoretically, the volume of serum sample could be reduced down to 0.005 mL if the final aliquot for HPLC analysis were increased from 1 to 10 gL.It is worthy to mention that several unknown peaks appeared on the HPLC chromatogram (Figure lo), further characterization of these unknown sugars derived from serum glycoprotein is in progress. LITERATURE CITED(1) Mawhlnney, T. P.; Feather, M. S.; Barbero, G. J.; Martinez, J. R. Anal. Extractlon of trlnltrotoluene (TNT), trlnltrobenzene (TNB), hexahydrotrlnltrotrlazlne (RDX), and octahydrotetranltro-tetrazoclne (HMX) from two eolls was studled in terms of process kinetics and recovery. Two solvents, acetonWe and methand, and four extractlon technlques, Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath, mechanlcal shaker, and homogenlzer-sonicator, were compared. The results were complex In that several Interactions were found among analyte, method, and solvent. Acetonltrlle was superior to methand for RDX and HMX from the perspectives of kinetics and recovery, due In part to a much higher solubility. The Soxhlet and ultrasonic bath generally recovered more than the homogenlzer or shaker, although a COmpRcatlng factor was that all techniques were not mcesm#yatequll&lum. Intennsofsemplethroughput,the ultraeionlc bath and shaker Mer advantages over the Saxhlet and homogenlzer-sonicator. The ultrasonic bath generally approached equlllbrlum more rapldly than the shaker, 80 It appears to be the best overall choice. A splke-recovery study usingfortlfled so# and the sonlc bath method ylekled complete recoveries of TNT and RDX at 1.6 and 2.3 pg/g, respectlvely.The Soxhlet extractor is probably the most widely used method for extraction of organic residues from soils and other solids. Solvents used have included methylene chloride (1-8), benzene (1, 3, 6, 7, 91, toluene (1, 6), chloroform (1, 6, lo), acetone/hexane (1,8,11), methanol (2,5,6, IO), acetone (6,