Sampling error associated with collection and analysis of soil samples at TNT‐contaminated sites

Jenkins, Thomas F.; Grant, Clarence L.; Brar, G. S.; Thorne, Philip G.; Schumacher, Patricia W.; Ranney, Thomas A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6521(1997)1:3<151::aid-fact5>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 55 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…The primary residue detected at impact areas was HMX with concentrations in surface soils adjacent to targets generally in the hundreds of mg/kg (Table 2). HMX concentrations decline with distance from the target (Jenkins et al, 1997. TNT, RDX, 4ADNT, and 2ADNT are often detectable as well, but concentrations are several orders of magnitude lower.…”

Section: Antitank Rocket Range Impact Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identity and distribution of residues of energetic compounds at army live-fire training ranges

et al. 2006

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Section: Antitank Rocket Range Impact Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identity and distribution of residues of energetic compounds at army live-fire training ranges

et al. 2006

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“…This article will discuss assessing the first two aspects of data representativeness-field sampling and laboratory subsampling-since these are the major sources of error in environmental investigations ( Gy, 1998;Jenkins et al, 1997;Pitard, 2000;USEPA, 2003;Wait, 2002;Walsh et al, 2002). This article will not address aspects of sampling beyond the sample selection process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodology for Assessing Sample Representativeness

Ramsey¹,

Hewitt

2005

Environmental Forensics

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Assessing sample representativeness is a critical component of any environmental investigation and should be performed before any conclusions are reached. If the samples are not representative, any conclusions or decisions will be incorrect. A complete understanding of the data quality objective process, sample plan design, sample plan implementation, and quality control is required to assess sample representativeness. This article presents a methodology for the evaluation of sample representativeness.

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“…For comparison, EnSys colorimetric screening data as run by Jenkins et al (1996) are also compared to Method 8330 data (Figures 5 and 6). The ideal the regression line relating…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field screening of soils contaminated with explosives using ion mobility spectrometry

Atkinson¹,

Crockett²,

Jenkins³

1997

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This study involved the comparison of IMS screening with EPA's standard method for explosives, Method 8330. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provided a large number of soil samples that had been collected from three locations at each of three explosive contaminated installations. The samples had been dried, ground, homogenized and analyzed in duplicate by Method 8330. Duplicate two gram aliquots of these samples were extracted with 10 mL of acetone by shaking for three minutes, allowed to settle, then analyzed by IMS for Method 8330 compounds. Half of the extracts from one location have also been analyzed in duplicate by IMS for TNT. Results from TNT contaminated soils look extremely promising. Correlation between IMS and EPA Method 8330 results was very high (~0 . 9 9 ) .Based on these results, the intention is to further develop and evaluate IMS for simultaneously quantifying multiple analytes. IMS throughput and cost per sample makes it an attractive technique. The ultimate objective is to provide adequate validation data to EPA for inclusion of the method as a screening procedure in SW-846. INTRODUCTIONSoils contaminated with explosives constitute a high priority problem at some Department of Energy facilities and many Army installations. Because explosives in soil are often heterogeneously distributed and require high density sampling, field screening is essential to characterize sites more quickly, economically and accurately. Current immunoassay and colorimetric field screening procedures have proven useful, but have significant per sample costs and limited throughput. Often, only a single analyte or analyte group determination is possible per sample. At present, several field screening procedures are available for TNT in soil, three procedures for RDX and one procedure for 2,4-DNT and ammonium picrate/picric acid (APPA). Ion mobility spectrometry has been used for several years in law enforcement work to detect explosives in air at ppt levels, but limited work has been done to apply the technique to quantifying explosives in soils. IMS offers great potential since many compounds (TNT, RDX, PETN, DNT, TNB, NG, etc.) can be quantified simultaneously in an acetone extract within a few seconds and at a cost of under a dollar/sample.A study was conducted by Jenkins et al. (1 996) to assess the extent of short-range heterogeneity present in contaminant concentrations for surface soils at explosives contaminated sites. Intensive sampling was conducted over short distances. Discrete and composite samples were analyzed by both colorimetric field screening techniques (EnSys) and standard laboratory protocols (EPA Method 8330). Three locations were sampled at each of three installations, duplicate samples were analyzed by each method and the results used to estimate the relative contributions of analytical error and sampling error to the total uncertainty associated with sample collection and analysis for explosives residues. The major contaminant at seven of the nine sampling locations was TNT, and the col...

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Sampling error associated with collection and analysis of soil samples at TNT‐contaminated sites

Cited by 55 publications

References 11 publications

Identity and distribution of residues of energetic compounds at army live-fire training ranges

Identity and distribution of residues of energetic compounds at army live-fire training ranges

A Methodology for Assessing Sample Representativeness

Field screening of soils contaminated with explosives using ion mobility spectrometry

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