Reconfiguración territorial y mercados de tierras rurales "El puño invisible" de la privatización Privatization: The Iron Fist in a Velvet Glove?"O punho invisível" da privatização

Changes to Mexico's Constitution in the 1990s marked the end of agrarian reform and the Revolutionary land regime which had allowed beneficiaries to work but not to sell their land. New legislation allowed individual parcels of ejido land to be converted into private property. Many observers link this 'privatization' with a transformation of the periurban landscape resulting from private developers' construction of mass 'social housing' developments: a classic example of neoliberal urbanism. We examine evidence for the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, finding that, although some developments do occupy former ejido land, developers mostly prefer private property, including former haciendas. Private sector interests are wary of the ejido for reasons that stem from its place in the corporatist political system that characterized twentieth-century Mexico, and the patchwork of privatized individual parcels clashes with developers' land acquisition strategies. Ejidatarios often prefer to retain control over their land, selling plots piecemeal. Our findings demonstrate the continuing significance of urban informality--on a scale that exceeds the development of ejido land for formal housing--and the intertwining of formal and informal. We interpret these interrelated processes of housing production as legacies of corporatism, underlining the significance of political influences on Latin American neoliberalism. 'Social (interest) housing' costs at most 118 times the monthly minimum salary. Repayments cannot exceed 30% of household income (Janoschka and Salinas, 2017). 4RAN-SIG still maps privatized parcels within the ejido boundaries. When distinguishing private from ejido property, we refer to land that has never belonged to an ejido.

Las áreas centrales de las grandes metrópolis han perdido población y transformado sus actividades económicas como respuesta a la redistribución intrametropolitana de la población y los cambios en la demanda ocupacional. ¿Significa que los centros de las ciudades han perdido su centralidad? El concepto de centralidad puede ser abordado desde diferentes perspectivas, pero todas ellas enfatizan la concentración espacial de funciones urbanas y actividades económicas. En este documento se analiza la evolución de la demanda ocupacional en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México entre 1980 y 2003, y en particular en su ciudad central. El periodo de estu­dio se inscribe en un contexto nacional y local de reestructuración económica, e interesa conocer el papel de la ciudad central en el crecimiento económico y en la generación de empleo metropolitano, así como en su transformación económica y ocupacional.AbstractDowntown areas of large metropolises have seen a decline in population and transformed their economic activities as a response to intra-metropolitan population redistribution and changes in occupational demand. Does this mean that city centers have lost their centrality? Although the concept of centrality can be dealt with from various perspectives, they all emphasize the spatial concentration of urban functions and economic activities. This document analyzes the evolution of occupational demand in the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone between 1980 and 2003, particularly in its downtown area. The period of study is framed within a national and local context of economic restructuring and focuses on the role of Mexico city’s downtown area in economic growth and the creation of metropolitan employment, as well as its economic and occupational transformation

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