Dynamic neuronal Na + /K + pumps normally only respond to intense action potential firing owing to their low affinity for intracellular Na + . Recruitment of these Na + pumps produces a post-activity ultraslow afterhyperpolarization (usAHP) up to $10 mV in amplitude and $60 s in duration, which influences neuronal properties and future network output. In spinal motor networks, the usAHP underlies short-term motor memory (STMM), reducing the intensity and duration of locomotor network output in a manner dependent on the interval between locomotor bouts. In contrast to tonically active Na + pumps that help set and maintain the resting membrane potential, dynamic Na + pumps are selectively antagonized by low concentrations of ouabain, which, we show, blocks both the usAHP and STMM. We examined whether dynamic Na + pumps and STMM can be influenced by neuromodulators, focusing on 5-HT and nitric oxide. Bath-applied 5-HT alone had no significant effect on the usAHP or STMM. However, this is due to the simultaneous activation of two distinct 5-HT receptor subtypes (5-HT7 and 5-HT2a) that have opposing facilitatory and suppressive influences, respectively, on these two features of the locomotor system. Nitric oxide modulation exerts a potent inhibitory effect that can completely block the usAHP and erase STMM. Using selective blockers of 5-HT7 and 5-HT2a receptors and a nitric oxide scavenger, PTIO, we further provide evidence that the two modulators constitute an endogenous control system that determines how the spinal network self-regulates the intensity of locomotor output in light of recent past experience.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

No abstract

The present protocol describes a method to induce tissue-specific and highly reproducible injuries in zebrafish larvae using a laser lesion system combined with an automated microfluidic platform for larvae handling.