Changed synapse density has been suggested to be involved in the altered brain connectivity underlying schizophrenia (SCZ) pathology. However, postmortem studies addressing this topic are heterogeneous and it is not known whether changes are restricted to specific brain regions. Using meta-analysis, we systematically and quantitatively reviewed literature on the density of postsynaptic elements in postmortem brain tissue of patients with SCZ compared to healthy controls. We included 3 outcome measurements for postsynaptic elements: dendritic spine density (DSD), postsynaptic density (PSD) number, and PSD protein expression levels. Random-effects meta-analysis (31 studies) revealed an overall decrease in density of postsynaptic elements in SCZ (Hedges’s g : −0.33; 95% CI: −0.60 to −0.05; P = .020). Subgroup analyses showed reduction of postsynaptic elements in cortical but not subcortical tissues (Hedges’s g : −0.44; 95% CI: −0.76 to −0.12; P = .008, Hedges’s g : −0.11; 95% CI: −0.54 to 0.35; P = .671) and specifically a decrease for the outcome measure DSD (Hedges’s g : −0.81; 95% CI: −1.37 to −0.26; P = .004). Further exploratory analyses showed a significant decrease of postsynaptic elements in the prefrontal cortex and cortical layer 3. In all analyses, substantial heterogeneity was present. Meta-regression analyses showed no influence of age, sex, postmortem interval, or brain bank on the effect size. This meta-analysis shows a region-specific decrease in the density of postsynaptic elements in SCZ. This phenotype provides an important cellular hallmark for future preclinical and neuropathological research in order to increase our understanding of brain dysconnectivity in SCZ.
Studies have shown that algae and seaweed have cytotoxic activity. This study was aimed to determine the cytotoxic activity of Spirulina platensis and Ulva compressa Linn. extracts against cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the extract was carried out using the MTT ((3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. Results showed that the ethanol extract and methanol extract of Spirulina platensis have no cytotoxic effect against HeLa, WiDr, MCF7 and T47D cells. Water extract of Spirulina platensis had no cytotoxic activity on T47D and Vero cells. Water extracts of Spirulina platensis increase MCF7 cell growth. Phycocyanin powder also stimulates MCF7 cell growth. Ethanol extract of Ulva compressa Linn. exhibited potentially cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and moderate cytotoxic against WiDR cells with IC50 values are 31.86 μg/ mL and 104.93 μg/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that extract of Spirulina platensis has no potential to be developed for cancer therapy. Ulva compressa Linn has the potential to be developed as an anti-cancer. Further research for study the mechanism of anticancer of Ulva compressa Linn on MCF7 was needed.
Previous research has shown that some compounds in leaves and seeds of sugar apple have a cytotoxic activity. The aim of this research was to determine the cytotoxicity of semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple stem bark (Annona squamosa L.) on T47D cancer cells. The semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple stem bark was collected by fractionation using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) with hexane:ethyl acetic (9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4) as mobile phase. Cytotoxicity from the fractions of five different concentration namely; 25, 50, 100, 150, and 250, µg/mL was measured by MTT assay. The potency of the cytotoxicity was defined by the ability of the fraction to inhibit the growth of T47D cells indicated by the value of IC50. Qualitative analysis of contained compounds in the fraction was done by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method using silica gel F 254 as a stationary phase and hexane:ethyl acetic (7:3) as a mobile phase. UV 254 and 366 nm lamp also Dragendorff, citroboric, and FeCl3 spray reagents were used to visualize the spots of the secondary metabolites. The result proved that the semipolar fraction of ethanolic extract from sugar apple stem bark showed potential cytotoxicity on T47D cancer cells with IC50value of 70,77 µg/mL. Qualitative analysis showed that the fraction contained flavonoids and alkaloids which is presumably responsible for its cytotoxic activity.
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