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This study aimed to examine different segments of spectators at minor league baseball games in motivation, external factors, and their consumption behaviors. Using spectator identification, a combined scale of fan identification and sport identification, spectators were grouped into four clusters using K-means cluster analysis. Multivariate analysis of variance and chi-square tests were conducted to determine group differences. The results showed significant mean differences in the dimensions of motivation and external factors by clusters. In addition, different behavioral patterns were found in their game attendance and ticket purchase. The implications of acknowledging segmented spectator markets of the minor league baseball were discussed.

The purpose of the study was to examine whether the effects of interscholastic sport participation on academic performance and school engagement vary by race and linguistic status of high school students. High school participants ( n = 16,200) were selected from the Education Longitudinal Study: 2002, a nationally representative database. Results of a structural equation model showed that Asian, black, and Hispanic students’ interscholastic sport participation had a positive effect on grade point average, while the effect was not significant for white students. However, white students’ interscholastic sport participation was likely to have a positive, indirect effect on grade point average through their engagement in school. The results showed no linguistic status variation in the effects of interscholastic sport participation on school engagement and grade point average. The findings suggest that supporting high school students in school-sponsored extracurricular sport programs should be continued, highlighting the important role of schools in shaping the proper educational environment for sport participation.