Objectives:Presently, hysterosalpingography (HSG) is used as a means to evaluate women with infertility and repetitive pregnancy loss. Venous intravasation is a complication and potential pitfall during HSG and analogous procedures including hysteroscopy. The aim of our study was to assess the venous intravasation and to obtain critical information for more secure and more accurate procedures. In particular, the primary goal of the present study was to compare HSG without and with intravasation to identify differences seen on HSG and to assess the predisposing factors of intravasation. The secondary goal was to describe clinical- and imaging-based novel classification of intravasation.Materials and Methods:This study included a patient cohort of 569 patients who underwent HSG between 2008 and 2011 at our center in the absence (control group) or presence (study group) of intravasation. Intravasation classified from level 0 (no intravasation) to level 3 (severe intravasation) was compared with preprocedural (demographic and clinical) and procedural (HSG) data. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software.Results:Of the 569 patients undergoing HSG, 528 showed no intravasation and 41 (7.2%) patients showed intravasation when associated with preprocedural (leukocytes, menometrorrhagia, secondary infertility, ectopic pregnancy, abortus, polycystic ovaries, endometriosis, and interventions) and procedural (pain, scheduling, endometrial-uterine nature, and spillage) parameters. Moreover, intravasation was lower in women with smooth endometrium, triangular uterus, and homogeneous peritoneal spillage. No association was found between age, tubal patency, increased pressure, and intravasation.Conclusions:Using a novel classification method, intravasation can be observed in women during HSG and associates with preprocedural and procedural predisposing factors in subsumed conditions. This classification method will be useful for improving the efficiency and accuracy of HSG and related procedures by minimization of severe complications caused by intravasation.
BCG vaccination is effective in the prevention of TBM-associated mortality in childhood. TST negativity may be a sign of a poor prognosis in TBM cases.
In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate ocular blood flow changes in Behçet disease (BD) with and without thrombotic disease. Ninety eyes of 90 patients with a diagnosis of BD (30 eyes with active uveitis, 23 eyes with inactive uveitis, 25 eyes without ocular involvement, and 12 eyes without ocular involvement and with a history of thrombosis) and 30 eyes of 30 age-and sex-matched control patients without any systemic disease with a total of 120 eyes were evaluated. In all cases, ophthalmic, central retinal, and ciliary artery flow parameters were measured with colour Doppler ultrasonography (CDU). The ocular blood flow parameters of all vessels in patients with active uveitis were found to be affected. All the flow parameters in the CRAs of the study groups were significantly different from the control group (p50.001). Additionally, in non-ocular BD patients with thrombosis, blood flow parameters were affected more than the parameters in non-ocular BD patients without thrombosis and control patients. In conclusion, major haemodynamic changes were observed using CDU in the ophthalmic vessels of ocular Behçet patients. Also, CDU may detect ocular blood flow alterations before initial ocular clinical manifestations appear in BD patients
Amacımız Türkiye'de gonad kalkanı kullanma konusunda ürologların dikkat, farkındalık ve hassasiyet düzeylerini belirlemektir. Gereç ve yöntem: Bu amaçla 15 sorudan oluşan bir anket formu hazırlandı. Bu formlar bir ulusal üroloji kongresine katılan ürologlara dağıtıldı. Toplam 271 katılımcıdan yüz yüze görüşme sonucu elde edilen veriler incelendi. Bulgular: 271 katılımcıdan 33'ü profesör, 36'sı doçent, 36'sı yardımcı doçent, 94'ü uzman ve 81'i asistan idi. Katılımcıların %22'si bu konuda daha önce gonad kalkanı hakkında, bilgi sahibi değildi. %44'ü tıp fakültesinde, %14'ü asistanlık döneminde ilk kez bilgi sahibi olmuştu. %64 katılımcı gonad kalkanı konusunda hiçbir makale okumamıştı. %54'ü ise daha önce hiçbir gonad kalkanı modeli görmemişti. %82'si hastanelerinde böyle bir aparatın olmadığını veya kullanmadıklarını belirtti. %18'i ise gonad kalkanı kullandıklarını belirtti. Ürologların %80'i ''kendinizi ve meslektaşlarınızı gonad kalkanı kullanma konusunda yeterince dikkatli ve hassas buluyor musunuz? '' sorusuna hayır cevabını verdi. Sonuç: Türkiye'deki ürologlar arasında gonad kalkanı kullanma konusunda farkındalık ve hassasiyet yeterli düzeyde değildir ve bu yüzden kullanımı yaygın değildir. Ürologlar gonad koruyucu araçlar hakkında ürolojik akademik platformlar tarafından bilgilendirilmelidir.
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