Background:
Reverse iontophoresis (RI) is one of the promising non-invasive technologies. It relies on the transition of low magnitude current through skin and thus glucose measurement becomes possible as it’s extracted to the surface during this porter current flow.
Objective:
This paper deals with the development and optimization of a RI determination method for physiological glucose. CE dialysis membrane based artificial skin model was developed and the dependence of RI extraction on various experimental parameters was investigated.
Method:
Dependence of RI extraction performance on noble electrodes (platinum, silver, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium) was checked with CA, CV and DPV, in a wide pH and ionic strength range. Optimizations on inter-electrode distance, potential type and magnitude, extraction time, gel type, membrane MWCO, usage frequency, pretreatment, artificial body fluids were performed.
Results:
As of optimized results, inter-electrode distance was 7.0mm and silver was the optimum noble metal. Optimum pH and ionic strength was achieved with 0.05M PBS at pH 7.4. Higher glucose yields were obtained with DPV, while CA and CV achieved almost the same levels. During CA, +0.5V achieved the highest glucose yield and potentials higher even caused a decrease. Glucose levels could be monitorized for 24hours. CMC gel was the optimum collection media. Pretreated CE membrane with 12kD MWCO was the artificial skin model. Pretreatment effected yields while its condition caused no significant difference. Except PBS solution (simulated as artificial plasma), among the various artificial simulated body fluids, intestinal juice formulation (AI) and urine formulation U2 were the optimum extraction mediums, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this study, various experimental parameters (pretereatment procedure, type and MWCO values of membranes, inter-electrode distance, electrode material, extraction medium solvents, ionic strength and pH, collection medium gel type, extraction potential type and magnitude, extraction time and etc) were optimized for the non-invasive RI determination of glucose in a CE dialysis membrane based artificial skin model and various simulated artificial body fluids.