Disc sensitivity tests were carried out on 2296 isolates of non‐pigmented, coagulase‐positive staphylococcal isolates from dogs in referral practice over the period 1980–96. Ninety‐eight isolates were from the ears, 1089 from other skin regions and 37 from mucosae. Resistance to penicillin increased from 69.0 to 89.3%. Oxytetracycline resistance remained at about 40%; resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin, and to co‐trimoxazole peaked at about 20 and 15%, respectively, in 1987–89 but has since fallen. Only a single isolate resistant to cephalexin was found between 1986 and 1996. No resistance to co‐amoxyclav, oxacillin, methicillin and enrofloxacin was demonstrated. Resistance of mucosal isolates was higher than those from skin. Multiple isolates from 90 dogs showed different resistance spectra in 56% of cases indicating that single swab samples are of limited value in determining optimal therapeutic antibiotics. Resumé 2296 souches de staphylocoques coagulase positifs, isolées á partir de chiens présentés en consultation référée entre 1980 et 1996, subirent des tests de sensibilité sur disques. 98 souches étaient d'origine auriculaire, 1098 d'autres origines cutanées, et 37 d'origine muqueuse. La résistance á la pénicilline augmenta de 69, 0 á 89, 3 pour cent. La résistance a l'oxytetracyline resta stable á environ 40 pour cent; les résistances á l'erythromycine et á la lincomycine, et au co‐trimoxazole atteignirent 20 pour cent et 15 pour cent respectivement de 1987 á 1989 mais baissèrent ensuite. Une seule souche resistante á la cephalexine fut isolée entre 1986 et 1996. Aucune résistance á l'amoxycilline‐acide clavulanique, Foxacilline, la methicilline, et l'enrofloxacine se fürent découvertes. Les résistances des souches d'origine muqueuse étaient plus nombreuses que celles des souches d'origine cutaneé. Des souches isolées par prelevement multiples chez 90 chiens montraient des spectres de résistance différents dans 56 pour cent des cas ce qui montre que des écouvillonages uniques ont un interèt limité pour le choix de la meilleure antibiotherapie. [Lloyd, D.H., Lamport, A.I., Feeney, C. Sensitivity to antibiotics amongst cutaneous and mucosal isolates of canine pathogenic staphyloccoci in the United Kingdom, 1980–96 (Antibiosensibilité de souches de staphylocoques pathogènes canins d'origines cutanee et muqueuse au Royaume Uni de 1980 a 1996). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 171–175.] Resumen A continuación el autor describe como discos de antibiograma fueron utilizados en 2.296 aislamientos caninos de no pigmentados estafilococos coagulasa positiva durante el periodo de 1980 a 1996; 98 aislamientos a partir del oido, 1098 de otras partes de la piel y 37 de mucosas. Se observó que las resistencias a la penicilina aumentaron de 69, 0 a 89,3 por ciento; a la oxitetraciclina permanecieron constantes, alrededor del 40 por ciento. Con respecto a la eritromicina y lincomicina asi como al cotrimoxazol, el nivel de resistencias alcanzó un pico máximo de alrededor 20 y 15 por ciento respectivamente ...
Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) after esophagectomy have been reported to occur in 15-30% of patients and are the most common causes of major morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for the development of PPCs include impairment in lung function, cardiac reserve, aerobic capacity, and body composition. Physical activity is associated with these factors but has not been examined in relation to the risk of developing a PPC. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate if there was a difference in physical activity levels, lung function, and body composition in patients who developed a PPC post-esphagectomy compared with those who did not. Consecutive patients were studied preoperatively: (i) lung function with a portable micro-medical spirometer; (ii) body composition analysis using a Tanita BC 418 machine (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan); and (iii) physical activity with an accelerometer (RT3, (StayHealthy, Monrovia, CA, USA)). Thirty-seven patients were studied, mean age 61 ± 9 years. PPCs developed in 10 patients (27%). Smoking status, lung function, and body composition were similar in both groups. For physical activity, there were significant differences in the time spent sedentary (20.0 ± 1.5 h/day [PPC], 18.4 ± 2.1 h/day [non-PPC]; P < 0.05) and in moderate activity (20 ± 13.7 min/day [PPC], 36 ± 20.7 min/day [non PPC]; P < 0.01). Patients who developed a PPC engaged in less physical activity than those who did not; hence, targeting physical activity preoperatively may result in less PPCs.
This review examines how higher levels of physiological reserve and fitness can help the patient endure the demands of esophageal surgery. Lung function, body composition, cardiac function, inflammatory mediators and exercise performance are all determinants of fitness. Physical fitness, both as an independent risk factor and through its effect on other risk factors, has been found to be significantly associated with the risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients following esophagectomy. Respiratory dysfunction preoperatively poses the dominant risk of developing complications, and PPCs are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. The incidence of PPCs is between 15 and 40% with an associated 4.5-fold increase in operative mortality leading to approximately 45% of all deaths post-esophagectomy. Cardiac complications are the other principal postoperative complications, and pulmonary and cardiac complications are reported to account for up to 70% of postoperative deaths after esophagectomy. Risk reduction in patients planned for surgery is key in attaining optimal outcomes. The goal of this review was to discuss the risk factors associated with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications and how these may be modified prior to surgery with a specific focus on the pulmonary complications associated with esophageal resection. There are few studies that have examined the effect of modifying physical fitness pre-esophageal surgery. The data to date would indicate a need to develop targeted interventions preoperatively to increase physical function with the aim of decreasing postoperative complications.
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