We report localised-surface-plasmon (LSP) enhanced deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (deep-UV LEDs) using Al nanoparticles for LSP coupling. Polygonal Al nanoparticles were fabricated on the top surfaces of the deep-UV LEDs using the oblique-angle deposition method. Both the top- and bottom-emission electroluminescence of deep-UV LEDs with 279 nm multiple-quantum-well emissions can be effectively enhanced by the coupling with the LSP generated in the Al nanoparticles. The primary bottom-emission wavelength is longer than the primary top-emission wavelength. This difference in wavelength can be attributed to the substrate-induced Fano resonance effect. For resonance modes with shorter wavelengths, the radiation fraction directed back into the LEDs is largest in the direction that is nearly parallel to the surface of the device and results in total reflection and re-absorption in the LEDs.

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Based on Johansen Cointegration Test, this paper sheds light on the long-run equilibrium relationship between natural gas consumption, gas production, and GDP in China. Three different natural gas demand scenarios of low, medium and high rates in the next ten years are considered, and a Neural Network Autoregression Model is used to predict the future carbon dioxide emission. We conclude: (1) In all three scenarios, the growth rates of natural gas consumption are all higher than those of natural gas production, while the gap between demand and domestic supply will gradually turn broader and China will largely rely on imports ; (2) In the scenario of low-rate economic growth, natural gas consumption will grow slowly, and it will be difficult to realize the carbon emission reduction targets by 2030 due to low-rate substitution of natural gas for coal; (3) If medium-rate to high-rate economic growth sustains, coupled with rapid increase in natural gas consumption and production, China’s Carbon Emission Reduction Targets for 2030 can be achieved with high-rate substitution of natural gas for coal.

The quantitative PCR (qPCR) method was firstly used to measure moss abundance with moss chloroplast gene rps4 as compared to that with cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal 25-28S rRNA gene in the early succession stage of biological soil crusts (BSCs). Four sites with three BSC types collected from Hobq Desert of China, representing cyanobacterial-, lichen-, and moss-dominated BSCs were investigated. The copies of the moss rps4 gene, cyanobacterial 16S rRNA gene, and fungal 25-28S rRNA gene, chlorophyll a content, and the community composition variated significantly. The moss rps4 gene copies attained a significant positive correlation with chlorophyll a content and showed a crossvalidation with relative moss biomass.

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In the current era of big data, the exponential increase in the volume of social data has exerted a significant influence on the government and all sectors of society, with the opening of government data becoming an irresistible trend. In this paper, several regional central cities are selected as the representatives of municipal governments to analyze the characteristics and weaknesses of their data-opening policies from various perspectives including policy effectiveness, policy tools, and policy targets. This is of reference significance for the municipal governments of an individual country in the formulation of data opening policies. To be specific, with 2015–2021 as the timeline, based on the six regions of the country, the central cities of each region are selected as representatives of municipal cities, and the text coding of 85 data opening policies implemented in regional central cities are performed. On this basis, a “policy tool-policy targets-policy effectiveness” collaborative measurement model is constructed through the policy tool theory, and the co-evolution analysis of the relevant policies is conducted. The research results are as follows. Firstly, there is a positive correlation between the total policy effectiveness and its quantity, indicating that the number of data-opening policies plays a positive role to a certain extent. However, the average effectiveness shows no significant increase, indicating the inadequate specificity of each policy. Secondly, the degree of synergy between policy tools fluctuates periodically, indicating that the government is constantly trying new methods, with more importance attached to the synergy between government capacity cultivation and positive incentive tools. Thirdly, policy targets continue to show new connotations over time, and there has been new progress made in the coordination between the other three objectives driven by data opening. However, it is imperative to enhance the synergy between the objectives of building a smart city and improving the services related to livelihood. Finally, some targeted suggestions are put forward on how to further improve the data opening policy implemented by municipal governments from three perspectives.