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Two-dimensional (2D) Ti 3 C 2 MXenes have aroused tremendous attention as frontier materials for energy storage, solar energy conversion, and environmental remediation because they exhibit high elemental abundance in the earth, a unique layered microstructure, abundant surface functional groups, and prominent electrical conductivity and optical properties. The present study summarizes and discusses the most recent advancements in the synthesis methods of Ti 3 C 2 MXenes; the routes of intercalation, exfoliation, and cutting for multilayered Ti 3 C 2 to obtain its delaminated compounds and quantum dots; and their photocatalysis applications. Given the differences of applied Ti 3 C 2 on morphology and size, high-efficiency Ti 3 C 2 -based Schottky junction photocatalysts and its derivative photocatalysts are generalized and discussed. The advantages of Ti 3 C 2 MXenes in synthesizing high-efficiency photocatalysts are analyzed, consisting of electronic acceptor, substrate, light harvesting, cocatalyst, and precursor. Lastly, the lingering challenges and directions for the subsequent Ti 3 C 2 -based photocatalyst development are proposed.

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Conversion of fructose into furan derivatives 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 5-methoxymethylfurfural (MMF) is performed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methanol-organic solvent systems, catalysed by an acidic resin Amberlyst-15. The melted fructose can be converted into HMF on the surface of the solid resin catalyst in the presence of THF as an extracting phase, which is a good solvent for HMF and other by-products. The solid resin catalyst can be reused eleven times without losing its catalytic ability, with an average HMF yield of approximately 50%. Upon the addition of methanol, the generated HMF can further react with methanol to form MMF, and the total yield of HMF and MMF could be promoted to 65%. GC-MS analysis confirms the formation of a small amount of methyl levulinate in methanolorganic solvent system.

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