Facial rejuvenation can be categorized into skincare and facial contouring. Research and development of cosmeceuticals is aimed at addressing the major signs of photoaging: wrinkles, dyschromia, and sallowness. Assessment of photoaging comes in clinical and photographic forms; a photonumeric scale developed by Griffiths et al. has been assured of its validity and reliability for the assessment of severity of photoaging in qualitative studies. Treatment of photoaging comes in two categories: preventive and reversal of signs; whilst sunfactors are the most efficient and essential in preventing photodamage, research and development of cosmeceuticals for facial rejuvenation has been robust, thanks to several landmark studies in the last fifty years, funded by some of the forerunners in contemporary cosmetic industry. Stem cell research remains the current forerunner in research concerning cosmeceuticals. Nevertheless, high-quality, randomized control trials remain scarce within the contemporary literature, and more research and trials without funding by the industry are required to give rise to impartial comparisons between various cosmeceutical products. The "perfect cream" for facial rejuvenation remains elusive.
Poly cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been described as the common diagnosis for hirsutism in women. Facial hirsutism is by far the most distressing symptom of hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS. A statistically significant improvement in psychological well-being has been reported in patients with PCOS allocated for laser-assisted hair removal. The theory of selective photothermolysis has revolutionized laser hair removal in that it is effective and safe, when operated by sufficiently trained and experienced professionals. Long-pulsed ruby (694 nm), long-pulsed alexandrite (755 nm), diode (800-980 nm), and long-pulsed Nd:YAG (1064 nm) are commercially available laser devices for hair removal most widely studied. This article will introduce the fundamentals and mechanism of action of lasers in hair removal, in a contemporary literature review looking at medium to long term efficacy and safety profiles of various laser hair removal modalities most widely commercially available to date.
Cysteamine is an aminothiol endogenously synthetized by human cells
during the degradation of coenzyme A. Since the 1950s, this substance
has been used in radiation protection, immunomodulation, and is the sole
FDA-approved oral agent for the treatment of cystinosis. Many in vitro
and in vivo studies recommend cysteamine as an effective
anti-carcinogenic agent. In this article, we will review the preventive
and therapeutic effects of cysteamine for 3 types of cancers:
carcinomas, sarcomas and melanomas. Cysteamine has been shown to be
effective in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of different cancer
types generally leading to the significant reduction of lesions and/or
the increase of survival time. Cysteamine has been shown to enhance the
anti-melanoma effect of doxorubicin in vivo and cysteamine derivatives
have shown anti-melanoma efficacy in animal models. Although the
mechanisms of action are not fully understood, possible explanations on
the pathophysiology of cell suppression by cysteamine are given : (i)
free radical scavenging (ii) alteration of the tumor cell proliferation
by affecting nucleic acid and protein synthesis or inhibition of DNA
synthesis (iii) hormone regulation.
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