Flooding is a significant hydrological hazard in the world and has elicited responses from government and non-government agencies alike due to the damages it portends. This study was formulated on this backdrop, with the objective of designing a flood risk-vulnerability map of Ikom Local Government Area. The types of data employed were majorly secondary. Interviews were also primarily adopted. The multi-criteria assessment meant a systematic combination of independent parameter inputs (distance from river, rainfall intensity, elevation, land use, slope and soil; abbreviated as "DRELSS") for the analyses. Analytical processes such as buffering, slope generation, interpolation, classification, reclassification and the weighted overlay were used in the ArcMap platform. The methods were all based on existing literature, authors expert understanding and standard analytical procedures. The flood risk-vulnerability map produced from the analysis Original Research Article
Flooding is recurrent in Nigeria, occurring yearly at different scales. This geared the need for a study to reveal local government areas (LGAs) that are at risk and vulnerable to flooding. The multi-criteria approach was adopted, using geospatial techniques and data. Factors considered were elevation, slope, rainfall intensity, and distance to river. The factors were classified, reclassified, rated, and weighed in a systematic process. Nineteen states and 114 LGAs face high risks, especially communities in the Niger Delta, around the lagoons of Lagos, along River Niger, Benue, and the Cross-River. Also, 125 LGAs in 18 states face medium flood-risk vulnerability. Consideration the population density of communities, Lagos State is the most vulnerable because of LGAs with high population densities within high flood-risk zones. Other states with communities exposed to high flood-risk vulnerability include Rivers, Kogi, Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, and Delta. The study provides information key to proactive policy formulation, mitigation, and adaptation to flood risk in Nigeria.
Domestic access to pipe-borne water is necessary for the general well-being of residents of every community. This research investigated domestic access to the service, the relationship between socio-economic attributes and pipe-borne water characteristics as well as the contribution of four dimensions of access (availability, geographic, financial and acceptability). A total of 614 questionnaires were administered to residents of Calabar Metropolis using the systematic point sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and spatial techniques. Interpolated maps were used to show variations in pipe-borne water connection, use and expenditure. Results revealed no significant relationship between the number of persons in households sampled and average volume of water used daily by respondents (P = 0.144 > 0.05). There is also no significant relationship between average volume of water used daily and the income of respondents (p = 0.03 < 0.05). Furthermore, the average monthly expenditure on pipe-borne water by respondents in the Metropolis do not significantly relate with income (p = 0.0 < 0.05). The multi-nomial logistic regression analyses revealed that a combined effect of the model of availability, geographic, financial and acceptability significantly contributes to measuring access to pipe-borne water in the Metropolis, χ 2 (30) = 93.455, p < 0.001, with availability (p = 0.031 < 0.05) and financial (p = 0.001 < 0.05) dimensions faring better. It was recommended that Cross River State Water Board Limited should not only increase the volume of water supplied to residents but also ensure that more households are connected to the service. The frequency of water supply has to be up-surged as well, with the Board distributing the water in a systematic manner, and with consideration to existing spatial variations and measures of access which have proven to be fundamental to guarantee access to water.
Urban places in the developing world like their advanced counterparts are experiencing unprecedented extensions, although mostly in an uncontrolled manner. Calabar is no exception to such urban extension, with notable sprawl especially with increased densification within the city and expansion along the fringes. This study aimed at assessing landuse/ land-cover (LULC) changes in Calabar between the year 2000 and 2018. 30 m Landsat imageries of both years were acquired from the Landlook platform. The imageries were subjected to the unsupervised classification process using the Iso Cluster and Maximum Likelihood Classification tools. Measurements were done on the raster outputs to allow for a comparison of the LULC statistics which assisted in identifying the rate of urban extension in Calabar over the period. Results showed that in the year 2000, out of the total 164.3 square kilometers (sqkm) covered by the city, the extent of urban builtup was 28.7 sqkm and 62.2 sqkm for green areas. However, in the year 2018, the urban built-up area increased to 44.8 sqm and green areas witnessed a reduction to 52.7 sqkm. Wet lands also reduced in the area by 5.2 sqkm. Likewise, built up areas had a percentage change rate of 56.10
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