MODFLOW is one of the most popular groundwater simulation tools available; however, the development of lake modules that can be coupled with MODFLOW is lacking apart from the LAK3 package. This study proposes a new approach for simulating lake ‐ groundwater interaction under steady‐state flow, referred to as the sloping lakebed method (SLM). In this new approach, discretization of the lakebed in the vertical direction is independent of the spatial discretization of the aquifer system, which can potentially solve the problem that the lake and groundwater are usually simulated at different scales. The lakebed is generalized by a slant at the bottom of each lake grid cell, which can be classified as fully submerged, dry, and partly submerged. The SLM method accounts for all lake sources and sinks, establishing a governing equation that can be solved using Newton's method. A benchmarking case study was conducted using a modified model setup in the LAK3 user manual. It was found that when there is a sufficient number of layers at the top of the groundwater model, SLM simulates an almost identical groundwater head as the LAK3‐based model; when the number of layers decreases, SLM is unaffected while LAK3 may be at a risk of giving unrealistic results. Additionally, the SLM can reflect the relationship between the simulated lake surface area and lake water depth more accurately. Therefore, the SLM method is a promising alternative to the LAK3 package when simulating lake ‐ groundwater interaction.
Large-scale ground subsidence caused by coal mining and subsequent water-filling leads to serious environmental problems and economic losses, especially in plains with a high phreatic water level. Clarifying the hydrologic cycle in subsidence areas has important practical value for environmental remediation, and provides a scientific basis for water resource development and utilisation of the subsidence areas. Here we present a simulation approach to describe interactions between subsidence area water (SW) and several hydrologic factors from the River-Subsidence-Groundwater Model (RSGM), which is developed based on the distributed hydrologic model. Analysis of water balance shows that the recharge of SW from groundwater only accounts for a small fraction of the total water source, due to weak groundwater flow in the plain. The interaction between SW and groundwater has an obvious annual cycle. The SW basically performs as a net source of groundwater in the wet season, and a net sink for groundwater in the dry season. The results show there is an average 905.34 million m 3 per year of water available through the Huainan coal mining subsidence areas (HCMSs). If these subsidence areas can be integrated into water resource planning, the increasingly precarious water supply infrastructure will be strengthened.Coal is the main energy source in China, accounting for about 70% of primary energy production and consumption 1,2 . Coal is also one of the most important energy sources in the world, and its exploitation and utilisation are increasing year by year 3,4 . The consumption of coal plays an important role in the economy 5,6 . However, coal mining is often accompanied by environmental pollution and landscape destruction 7-10 , of which land surface subsidence due to underground coal mining is one of the direct causes [11][12][13][14][15][16] . While the remediation of destruction caused by open pit coal mining has been the subject of many studies [17][18][19][20] , the remediation of coal mining subsidence is a rare subject globally, except in China. The surface subsidence caused by underground coal mining in the densely populated plain of China has a great impact on the economy, society, environment and ecology 21,22 , and so studies on land reclamation and ecological restoration of subsidence regions are abundant 21,[23][24][25][26] . In addition, ground subsidence in the plain area has significantly changed the topography and formed several depressions, which may intercept and store water from precipitation as their volumes increase. Because of this, it has been suggested to exploit subsidence depressions as plain reservoirs for water storage and supply, providing a new way to utilise coal mining subsidence 27,28 .The development and management of coal mining subsidence, from the perspective of water resource management, requires evaluation of the quantities and cyclicity of the water resources of subsidence depressions. However, water recharge and discharge in subsidence areas are complicated processes, which in...
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