RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with prion-like domains (PrLDs) phase transition to functional liquids, which can mature into aberrant hydrogels composed of pathological fibrils that underpin fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Several nuclear RBPs with PrLDs, including TDP-43, FUS, hnRNPA1, and hnRNPA2, mislocalize to cytoplasmic inclusions in neurodegenerative disorders, and mutations in their PrLDs can accelerate fibrillization and cause disease. Here, we establish that nuclear-import receptors (NIRs) specifically chaperone and potently disaggregate wild-type and disease-linked RBPs bearing a NLS. Karyopherin-β2 (also called Transportin-1) engages PY-NLSs to inhibit and reverse FUS, TAF15, EWSR1, hnRNPA1, and hnRNPA2 fibrillization, whereas Importin-α plus Karyopherin-β1 prevent and reverse TDP-43 fibrillization. Remarkably, Karyopherin-β2 dissolves phase-separated liquids and aberrant fibrillar hydrogels formed by FUS and hnRNPA1. In vivo, Karyopherin-β2 prevents RBPs with PY-NLSs accumulating in stress granules, restores nuclear RBP localization and function, and rescues degeneration caused by disease-linked FUS and hnRNPA2. Thus, NIRs therapeutically restore RBP homeostasis and mitigate neurodegeneration.

Autosomal dominant mutations of the RNA/DNA binding protein FUS are linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS); however, it is not clear how FUS mutations cause neurodegeneration. Using transgenic mice expressing a common FALS-associated FUS mutation (FUS-R521C mice), we found that mutant FUS proteins formed a stable complex with WT FUS proteins and interfered with the normal interactions between FUS and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Consequently, FUS-R521C mice exhibited evidence of DNA damage as well as profound dendritic and synaptic phenotypes in brain and spinal cord. To provide insights into these defects, we screened neural genes for nucleotide oxidation and identified brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf ) as a target of FUS-R521C-associated DNA damage and RNA splicing defects in mice. Compared with WT FUS, mutant FUS-R521C proteins formed a more stable complex with Bdnf RNA in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Stabilization of the FUS/Bdnf RNA complex contributed to Bdnf splicing defects and impaired BDNF signaling through receptor TrkB. Exogenous BDNF only partially restored dendrite phenotype in FUS-R521C neurons, suggesting that BDNF-independent mechanisms may contribute to the defects in these neurons. Indeed, RNA-seq analyses of FUS-R521C spinal cords revealed additional transcription and splicing defects in genes that regulate dendritic growth and synaptic functions. Together, our results provide insight into how gain-of-function FUS mutations affect critical neuronal functions. IntroductionAutosomal dominant mutations in RNA/DNA binding protein fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) have been causally linked to familial ALS (FALS). The main pathological features in FALS with FUS mutations are FUS-positive protein aggregates in neuronal cytoplasm and dendrites (1, 2). While the majority of these aggregates are identified in the spinal motor neurons, FUS-positive aggregates have also been found in neurons in cerebral cortex and brainstem nuclei (3, 4), raising the possibility that FUS mutations may have a broader impact on the functions of other neuronal subtypes. Consistent with these observations, a subset of FALS-FUS patients also exhibits cognitive impairments during the developmental or degenerative processes.Although the exact mechanism of FUS mutations remains unclear, several previous studies have provided compelling evidence that FUS can regulate DNA damage response, transcription, and RNA processing. For instance, fibroblasts and lymphocytes from fus-null mice show increased sensitivity to ionizing irradiation and genomic instability, respectively (5, 6). Consistent with these results, our recent study shows that WT FUS proteins are rapidly recruited to DNA damage foci in neurons, where it interacts with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), a critical component in

Fe­(VI) has received increasing attention since it can decompose a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in water treatment. However, the role of short-lived Fe­(IV) and Fe­(V) in TrOC decomposition by Fe­(VI) has been overlooked. Using methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO), carbamazepine, and caffeine as probe TrOCs, we observed that the apparent second-order rate constants (k app) between TrOCs and Fe­(VI) determined with the initial kinetics data were strongly dependent on the initial molar ratios of TrOCs to Fe­(VI). Furthermore, the k app value increases gradually as the reaction proceeds. Several lines of evidence suggested that these phenomena were ascribed to the accumulation of Fe­(IV) and Fe­(V) arising from Fe­(VI) decay. Kinetic models were built and employed to simulate the kinetics of Fe­(VI) self-decay and the kinetics of PMSO degradation by Fe­(VI). The modeling results revealed that PMSO was mainly degraded by Fe­(IV) and Fe­(V) rather than by Fe­(VI) per se and Fe­(V) played a dominant role, which was also supported by the density functional theory calculation results. Given that Fe­(IV) and Fe­(V) have much greater oxidizing reactivity than Fe­(VI), this work urges the development of Fe­(V)/Fe­(IV)-based oxidation technology for efficient degradation of TrOCs.

This article presents 15 autoethnographical texts detailing student experiences at Beijing Normal University in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Contributions have been collected over 6 weeks between 15 February and 1 April 2020, edited by Hejia Wang (assisted by Moses Oladele Ogunniran and Yingying Huang), and supervised by Michael Peters. Through shared in-depth empirical feelings and representations from a wide variety of cultural, historical, and social contexts, the article outlines an answer to the question: How do students, connected virtually but separated physically in an internationalized university, deal with disruption brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic? Student testimonies offer reflections on Covid-19 and Chinese international education, experiences of online teaching and learning, reflections on university coping mechanisms, an account of realities and feelings related to changes in academic life, and discussions on coping strategies in Chinese international higher education. Contributors expose their individual feelings, effects, benefits, challenges, and risk management strategies. Collected at the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic, these testimonies are unable to offer systemic answers to challenges facing the whole world. However, these experiences and feelings will provide important inputs to global discussions about the future of the world, after Covid-19.

The recent emergence of plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance genes, tet(X3) and tet(X4), in animals and humans in China would pose a foreseeable threat to public health. To illustrate this paradigm shift in tigecycline resistance, here, covering the period 2008-2018, we retrospectively analysed a national strain collection of Escherichia coli (n = 2254), obtained from chickens and pigs, in six representative provinces of China. The gene tet(X4) was identified in five pig isolates collected in 2016 and 2018 from the provinces of Sichuan (3/15, 2018), Henan (1/25, 2018) and Guangdong (1/28, 2016), but not in the isolates prior to 2016. None of the isolates was detected harbouring tet(X3). All tet(X4)-positive E. coli exhibited high levels of tigecycline resistance (MICs, 16-64 mg/L), and two were confirmed as colistin resistant, harbouring chromosome-borne mcr-1 gene. The gene tet(X4) was detected on a plasmid in all five isolates, whereas a co-location of tet(X4) on the chromosome of one isolate was observed. Diverse host strains and novel plasmids related to the tet(X4) gene were observed. Our timely findings of the recent emergence of tet(X4) gene in food animal support the rapid surveillance and eradication of this gene before it is established.

Cells adjust to hypoxic stress within the tumor microenvironment by downregulating energy-consuming processes including translation. To delineate mechanisms of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, we performed RNA-Seq of normoxic and hypoxic head and neck cancer cells. These data revealed a significant down regulation of genes known to regulate RNA processing and splicing. Exon-level analyses classified > 1,000 mRNAs as alternatively spliced under hypoxia and uncovered a unique retained intron (RI) in the master regulator of translation initiation, EIF2B5. Notably, this intron was expressed in solid tumors in a stage-dependent manner. We investigated the biological consequence of this RI and demonstrate that its inclusion creates a premature termination codon (PTC), that leads to a 65kDa truncated protein isoform that opposes full-length eIF2Bε to inhibit global translation. Furthermore, expression of 65kDa eIF2Bε led to increased survival of head and neck cancer cells under hypoxia, providing evidence that this isoform enables cells to adapt to conditions of low oxygen. Additional work to uncover -cis and -trans regulators of EIF2B5 splicing identified several factors that influence intron retention in EIF2B5: a weak splicing potential at the RI, hypoxia-induced expression and binding of the splicing factor SRSF3, and increased binding of total and phospho-Ser2 RNA polymerase II specifically at the intron retained under hypoxia. Altogether, these data reveal differential splicing as a previously uncharacterized mode of translational control under hypoxia and are supported by a model in which hypoxia-induced changes to cotranscriptional processing lead to selective retention of a PTC-containing intron in EIF2B5.

Public health interventions to control the recent emergence of plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance genes rely on a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology and distribution over a wide range of geographical scales. Here we analysed an Escherichia coli collection isolated from pigs and chickens in China in 2018, and ascertained that the tet(X4) gene was not present at high prevalence across China, but was highly endemic in northwestern China. Genomic analysis of tet(X4)-positive E. coli demonstrated a recent and regional dissemination of tet(X4) among various clonal backgrounds and plasmids in northwestern China, whereas a parallel epidemic coincided with the independent acquisition of tet(X4) in E. coli from the remaining provinces. The high genetic similarity of tet(X4)-positive E. coli and human commensal E. coli suggests the possibility of its spreading into humans. Our study provides a systematic analysis of the current epidemiology of tet(X4) and identifies priorities for optimising timely intervention strategies.

MicroRNA-mediated gene silencing is a fundamental mechanism in the regulation of gene expression. It remains unclear how the efficiency of RNA silencing could be influenced by RNA-binding proteins associated with the microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). Here we report that fused in sarcoma (FUS), an RNA-binding protein linked to neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), interacts with the core miRISC component AGO2 and is required for optimal microRNA-mediated gene silencing. FUS promotes gene silencing by binding to microRNA and mRNA targets, as illustrated by its action on miR-200c and its target ZEB1. A truncated mutant form of FUS that leads its carriers to an aggressive form of ALS, R495X, impairs microRNA-mediated gene silencing. The C. elegans homolog fust-1 also shares a conserved role in regulating the microRNA pathway. Collectively, our results suggest a role for FUS in regulating the activity of microRNA-mediated silencing.