Objectives: Concerns over dietary exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, have been raised because BPA is contained in resins and plastics commonly used for the preservation of food and beverages. The purpose of the present study was to assess daily intake levels of BPA in a group of male subjects by measuring total urinary BPA (free BPA plus BPA released by treatment with β-glucuronidase), as well as determining intra-individual variation in BPA excretion.Methods: Twenty-four-hour urine was collected from 5 subjects for 5 consecutive days for the evaluation of between-day variation in urinary BPA excretion and from 36 male subjects for the estimation of the level of daily BPA intake. BPA in the urine samples was measured by GC/MS/MS following enzymatic hydrolysis of BPA glucuronate, solid phase extraction, and derivatization.Results: A large between-day variation was found over 5 days for the daily excretion of urinary BPA in the 5 subjects. The daily excretion of urinary BPA was distributed log-normally in the 36 male subjects, with the median value being 1.2 µg/day (range: <0.21-14 µg/day), which was far below the Tolerable Daily Intake (0.01 mg/kg bw) recommended by a scientific committee in the European Commission in 2002. However, the maximum estimated intake per body weight (0.2 µg/kg/day) was only one order of magnitude lower than the reported lowest level for reproductive/behavioral effects in pregnant mice (2 µg/kg/day).Conclusions: Measuring urinary BPA in urine is a suitable approach for estimating short-term BPA intake levels in individuals and/or estimating the average exposure level of populations. Urine analyses will be increasingly important in the human health risk assessment of BPA.
Background: It is unclear how often chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) appears after human parvovirus B19 (B19) infection and whether prolonged B19 viremia or some other factors cause CFS. Objectives: To determine how often CFS appears after B19 infection and whether prolonged B19 DNA presence, antibody production and persistently reduced complement levels occur in CFS patients after B19 infection. Methods: Clinical findings were examined in 210 patients after B19 infection, and CH50, C3 and C4 levels were determined. B19 DNA and antibodies to B19 were also tested in 38 patients’ sera including 3 with CFS. Results: Serum B19 DNA disappeared after 4–5 months in all 18 patients tested. There are no differences in B19 DNA-positive period between patients with and without persistent symptoms. IgM antibody titers to B19 became reduced after 2 months in all 38 patients. Complement levels persistently decreased in a greater proportion of patients with persistent symptoms. Conclusions: The present study suggests that we should consider the possibility of CFS after B19 infection and that CFS may be derived from several aspects other than prolonged B19 DNA presence in sera.
by patch testing. In this case, hydroxyzine in petrolatum yielded a more clear-cut reaction than did the various aqueous preparations, so we suggest using a 2AE5% pet. preparation if patch testing is indicated. Hydroxyzine has been reported to cause a generalized maculopapular eruption, 1-4 but we were unable to find any published reports of hydroxyzine-induced AGEP.
References1 Michel M, Dompmartin A, Louvet S et al. Skin reactions to hydroxyzine. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 36:147-9. 2 Ash S, Scheman AJ. Systemic contact dermatitis to hydroxyzine. Am J Contact Dermat 1997; 8:2-5. 3 Lew BL, Haw CR, Lee MH. Cutaneous drug eruption from cetirizine and hydroxyzine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:953-6. 4 Dalmau J, Serra-Baldrich E, Roe E et al. Skin reaction to hydroxyzine (Atarax Ò ) patch test utility. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:216-17. 5 Sidoroff A, Halevy S, Bavinck JN et al. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) -a clinical reaction pattern. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:113-19.
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