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Densities were measured for the ternary systems Y(NO 3 ) 3 + Ce(NO 3 ) 3 + H 2 O, Y(NO 3 ) 3 + Nd(NO 3 ) 3 + H 2 O, and Ce(NO 3 ) 3 + Nd(NO 3 ) 3 + H 2 O and their binary subsystems at (293.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K. The results were used to test the applicability of simple equations for the density of the mixed solutions. The predictions are in good agreement with measured values, implying that the densities of the examined electrolyte solutions can be well predicted from those of their constituent binary solutions by the simple equations.

After being stagnant for decades, there has finally been a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer with the emergence and application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The most extensively utilized ICIs are targeting the pathways involving programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). PD-1, as an crucial immune inhibitory molecule, by and large reasons the immune checkpoint response of T cells, making tumor cells get away from immune surveillance. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is exceptionally expressed in most cancers cells and approves non-stop activation of the PD-1 pathway in the tumor microenvironment. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can block the combination of PD-1 and PD-L1, inhibit hostile to regulatory signals, and restore the activity of T cells, thereby bettering immune response. The current researchers assume that the efficacy of these drugs is related to PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and other emerging biomarkers. Although malignant tumors can benefit from the immunotherapy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, formulating a customized medication model and discovering biomarkers that can predict efficacy are the new trend in the new era of malignant tumor immunotherapy. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, their clinical outcomes on various malignant tumors, their efficacy biomarkers, as well as predictive markers of irAEs.