Topical ALA-PDT using either the LED or laser light is an effective treatment modality for OEL lesions. There is no significant difference in clinical outcomes of OEL lesions treated with PDT using either the LED or laser light.

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This study indicates that the laser light-mediated topical ALA-PDT is also very effective for OVH and OEL lesions. Therefore, we suggest that topical ALA-PDT using either the LED or laser light may serve as the first-line treatment of choice for OVH and OEL lesions.

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We conclude that the expression of HIF-1 alpha is an early event in oral carcinogenesis. The nuclear HIF-1 alpha LI in OSCC samples can predict the progression of OSCCs and the survival of OSCC patients.

Oral VXs occur more frequently in the fifth decade of life. The more commonly affected site is the gingiva. The treatment of choice for oral VXs is surgical excision. The prognosis is excellent and recurrence was not seen in this study.

We conclude that OVH lesions occur more commonly on the buccal mucosa and are highly associated with the areca quid chewing and cigarette smoking habits. The overall 5-year malignant transformation rate of 60 OVH lesions was 10%. The mass-typed OVH lesions had a higher malignant transformation rate than the plaque-typed OVH lesions and thus should receive an immediate treatment, such as total surgical excision or photodynamic therapy, after the histopathologic diagnosis.