Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have excellent outcomes following kidney transplantation (KT) but still might face barriers in the evaluation and listing process. The aim of this study was to characterize the patient population, referral patterns, and outcomes of HIV-infected patients who present for KT evaluation.
Methods
We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients who were evaluated for KT. The primary outcome was time to determination of eligibility for KT.
Results
Between 2011 and 2015, 105 HIV-infected patients were evaluated for KT. Of the 105 patients, 73 were listed for transplantation by the end of the study period. For those who were deemed ineligible, the most common reasons cited were active substance abuse (n = 7, 22%) and failure to complete the full transplant evaluation (n = 7, 22%).
Conclusion
Our cohort demonstrated a higher proportion of HIV-infected patients eligible for KT than in previous studies, likely secondary to advances in HIV management., Among those who were denied access to transplantation, we identified that many were unable to complete the evaluation process, and that active substance was common. Future prospective studies should examine reasons and potential interventions for the lack of follow-through and drug use we observed in this population.
The beta-adrenergic agonist 1 (zilpaterol) is used as production enhancer in cattle. Binding experiments of separated enantiomers on recombinant human beta(2)-adrenergic and mu-opioid receptors and functional studies showed that the (-)-1 enantiomer accounts for essentially all the beta(2)-adrenergic agonist activity and that it exhibits less affinity toward the mu-opioid receptor than (+)-1, which is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist. X-ray crystallography revealed the absolute configuration of (-)-1 to be 6R,7R.
The availability of cloned transport molecules achieved by efforts in expression cloning has allowed their electrophysiological analysis in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. We describe the electrogenic uptake of various substrates by their corresponding transport molecules originally expressed in brush border membranes of proximal tubules. The functional properties of the following transport molecules are discussed: the sodium-coupled glucose transporter, the sodium-coupled phosphate transporter, the sodium-coupled sulfate transporter and the sodium-independent transporter of neutral and dibasic amino acids. Additionally, functional consequences of naturally occurring disease-causing mutations in some of these transport molecules are described.
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