The overall quality of groundwater samples collected from different sampling points in Opete Community, Delta State was evaluated using Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment. Ten ground water samples abstracted in duplicates were obtained from 10 sampling points in various areas within Opete. Selected physico-chemical evaluation of the water samples was conducted using standard techniques. The parameters were; Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium and calcium. All the water samples were acidic as the pH values ranged from 3.20 to 6.00. The mean TDS readings varied from 9.80 mg/L to 134.50 mg/L. The water quality index values obtained ranged from 34.506 to 69.44. The WQI classification of water samples collected from sampling point (SP) 3 and 10 was bad while samples sourced from SP 2,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 were of medium quality. Although the results indicated the unsuitability of the sampled ground water for direct anthropogenic consumption, the water is suitable for conducting domestic chores such as sanitation activities.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in shrimp samples (Penaeus monodon) of Jones Creek southern Nigeria during the rainy and dry seasons and analysed for 16 priority PAHs. The ΣPAHs ranged from 0.073 to 0.800 mg/kg for shrimp samples collected for the 18 month duration of this study. Fluorene and anthracene were the most dominant PAH observed with concentrations of 0.084 ± 0.010 mg/kg and 0.059 ± 0.007 mg/kg respectively. Fluorene was also the most detected PAH comprising 21.91% of the 16 PAHs detected while benzo(g,h,i)perylene was the least with 0.02%. The source of contamination is closely related to human activities such as domestic and industrial discharges, refining activities and street runoff. High concentrations were recorded during the rainy season and during the first quarter of the year. The investigated samples were classified as minimally contaminated when compared with FDA levels of PAHs in shrimp samples. Distribution patterns showed that PAHs with 3 and 4 rings dominated confirming the pyrogenic source of the detected PAH. Diagnostic ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene and benzo(a)anthracene/chrysene were achieved to evaluate the emission sources of PAHs. These ratios indicated a pyrolytic source of PAHs for sediments, as well as a pyrolytic or pyrogenic origin of the PAHs detected in the shrimp samples obtained within the study area.Key words: PAHs, sediment, shrimps, cancer risk, diagnostic ratio.
The functional relationship between BOD5 and COD was evaluated using domestic sewage samples collected from a sewage treatment plant in an estate in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Two types of samples were collected: raw domestic sewage,(influent) and biologically treated domestic sewage (effluent).The correlation coefficient r between the BOD5 and COD was determined and values were 0.99 and 0.94, respectively for different sewage samples. The regression analysis carried out showed very strong correlation . The linear correlation established was: COD = 1.62 BOD5 + 15.82 ; r2 = 0.978; COD = 1.58BOD5 + 9.21; r2 = 0.878. Results obtained above were also judged as significant at 95% and 99% confidence levels. Confidence intervals obtained were: 1.53£ a £1.71 at 95% and 1.49£ a £1.75 at 99% for the raw sewage; 1.37£ a £ 1.80 at 95% and 1.27£ a £1.90 at 99% for the biologically treated sewage.
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