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The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with vitamins C and E and organic minerals Zn and Se on the performance of 1 to 35 day-old broilers from, kept under cyclic heat stress (25 to 32ºC). Four levels of vitamin-mineral supplementation were used (T1-control diet (60/30 IU of vit E for starter and growing diet, respectively, zero vit. C, 80 ppm of inorganic Zn, 0.3 ppm of inorganic Se); T2-control diet + 100 UI vit E and 300 ppm vit C/kg; T3-control diet + 40 ppm Zn and 0,3 ppm Se/kg; T4-control diet + T2 and T3 levels) and two environments - thermoneutral and cyclic heat stress (TN and HS) from 14 to 35 days of age. In the period when part of the birds was submitted to HS, from 14 to 35 days, it was observed lower feed intake (FI) and better feed conversion (FC) for HS birds receiving supplementation compared to the group without supplementation. Evaluating the total period, all the types of supplementation provided lower FI and better FC than the control treatment, but not affected weight gain (WG). The supplementation of vitamins C and E and/or organic minerals Zn and Se improved the performance of birds due to a lower FI resulting in better FC, independently on the environment
A 112-day trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium level and limestone particle size on the egg quality of 288 Hy-Line Brown semi-heavy layers, with 83 weeks of age at the beginning of the experiment. A completely randomized experimental design was applied in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two dietary calcium levels (3.5 and 4.0%) e three limestone particle size compositions (100% fine limestone (FL), with 0.185mm; 30% coarse limestone (CL), with 2.83mm, + 70% FL, with 0.185mm; and 50% CL, with 2.83mm, + 50% FL, with 0.185mm), with six replicates of eight birds each. Mean geometric diameter and in-vitro solubility of the limestone sources were, respectively, 0.185mm and 18.7% for the fine limestone, and 2.83mm and 10.5% for the coarse limestone. At the end of each 28-day period, 72 eggs per treatment were used to determine egg specific gravity, yolk percentage, albumen percentage, eggshell percentage, yolk index, Haugh units, eggshell thickness, and eggshell breaking strength. There was no influence of the treatments on the evaluated parameters. It was concluded that feeding the level of 3.5% calcium usually recommended for layers in their first laying cycle, and the substitution of up to 50% fine limestone by coarse limestone in the feed of semi-heavy commercial Hy-Line Brown layers in their second laying cycle can be applied with no impairment of egg quality
RESUMO -Avaliaram-se dietas com diferentes níveis de PB e gordura e seus efeitos sobre o empenamento e os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de frangos de corte submetidos a estresse cíclico por calor (EPC) desde os 21 dias ou em ambiente termoneutro (ATN). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 2, com dois ambientes -ATN (21-25°C e UR 73%) e EPC (25-32°C e UR 65%) e duas dietas (D) -controle (2,4% gordura e 19,5% proteína) e verão (DV) (4,0% de gordura e 18,5% de proteína com suplementação de Lys e Met + Cys no nível da dieta controle). No ambiente ATN, foram elaboradas outras duas dietas, com quantidade equalizada de ração em relação ao EPC, para ambas as dietas. Foram realizadas análises bioquímicas e hematológicas em seis aves/tratamento, aos 42 dias de idade, e pesados a bursa e baço; em 288 aves foi avaliado o rendimento de penas (RP). A DV para frangos de corte em EPC foi capaz de amenizar parte das alterações observadas no calor, resultando em melhor peso relativo de bursa, menor número de leucócitos totais e menor relação heterófilo/ linfócito. Ambiente e dietas não alteraram os parâmetros bioquímicos séricos. Aves com consumo à vontade no ATN apresentaram RP 15% maior que aves no EPC, embora a restrição alimentar tenha diminuído o RP para as aves com consumo equalizado. As dietas não afetaram o RP. Os dados sugerem que tanto o EPC quanto a restrição alimentar são fatores aditivos em diminuir produção de penas.Palavras-chave: empenamento, estresse por calor, hematologia, gordura, proteína Dietary levels of protein and fat on biochemical and hematological parameters and on feathering in heat stressed broilers ABSTRACT -The objective was to evaluate diets with different levels of CP and fat, and their effect on feathering and hematological and biochemical parameters of broilers submitted to cyclic heat stress (HS) since 21 d of age or in thermoneutral environment (TN). A factorial 2 x 2 + 2 was used, with two environments-TN (21-25°C and RH 73%) and HS (25-32°C and RH 65%), and two diets (D) -control (2.4% fat and 19.5%CP) and summer (SD) (4.0% fat and 18.5% CP with Lys and Met + Cys supplemented at the control diet level). On TN environment, two more diets were formulates, with the amount equalized (pair feed) of ration in relation to HS, for both diet. Biochemistry and hematological analyses were carried out in six birds/ treatment, at 42 days-old, and bursa and spleen weighed and feather yield (FY) was evaluated in 288 birds. The DV for broiler in EPC was capable to attenuate part of the alterations observed in the heat, resulting in better relative weight of bursa, small number of total leukocytes and smaller heterophils/lynphocytes relationship. Environment and diets did not change biochemistry serum parameters. Birds with ad libitum intake in the ATN showed FY 15% greater that birds in the HS, even so the feed restriction decreased RP for the birds with pair feed intake. Diets did not influence FY. Data suggests that either HS or feed intake restriction are additive factors that decrease feather p...
RESUMO -Estudou-se o efeito de dietas suplementadas com vitaminas C e E e com minerais orgânicos Zn e Se sobre parâmetros imunológicos de frangos de corte de 1 a 35 dias de idade submetidos a estresse cíclico por calor (25 a 32 o C). Avaliou-se ainda a inoculação com albumina sérica bovina (BSA) como estratégia para medir a imunidade humoral. Utilizaram-se 272 aves Ross para avaliação de quatro tipos de suplementação vitamínico-mineral (SVM): D1 -dieta controle com 60 e 30 UI de vit. E/kg de ração nas rações inicial e de crescimento, respectivamente; 0 de vit. C, 80 ppm de Zn inorgânico e 0,3 ppm de Se inorgânico/kg de ração; D2 -dieta controle + 100 UI vit. E e 300 ppm vit. C/kg de ração; D3 -dieta controle + 40 ppm Zn e 0,3 ppm Se orgânicos/kg de ração; D4 -dieta controle + níveis de SVM utilizados em D2 e D3; e de dois ambientes: termoneutro (ATN) e estresse cíclico pelo calor (EPC) a partir dos 14 dias de idade. Seis e cinco aves por tipo de suplementação no EPC e ATN, respectivamente, foram inoculadas com BSA aos 12 e aos 24 dias de idade. O soro das aves com 35 dias de idade foi analisado por ELISA. A suplementação de vitaminas e minerais não influenciou a produção de anticorpos de frangos de corte desafiados com BSA. O estresse por calor provocou maior produção de anticorpos anti-BSA, independentemente da dieta utilizada. A inoculação com BSA não influenciou o desempenho das aves e foi uma estratégia eficiente para avaliar a imunidade humoral de frangos, visto que as aves responderam ao seu desafio com aumento na produção de anticorpos e no tamanho de bursa, apesar da grande variabilidade individual.Palavras-chave: imunomodulação nutricional, selênio, vitamina C, vitamina E, zinco Vitamins and organic minerals supplementation and its effect upon the immunocompetence of broilers submitted to heat stress ABSTRACT -The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of diet supplementation with vitamins C and E and organic minerals Zn and Se on immunological parameters of broilers from 1 to 35 days, kept on cyclic heat stress (25 to 32°C) and to evaluate the usefulness of bovine serum albumin (BSA) inoculation to determine humoral immunity. A total of 272 Ross broilers were used to evaluate four types of vitamin-mineral supplementation (VMS): D1-control diet with 60 and 30 IU of vit E for starter and growing diet, respectively, zero vit C, 80 ppm of inorganic Zn, 0.3 ppm of inorganic Se; D2 -control diet + 100 UI vit E and 300 ppm vit C/kg; D3 -control diet + 40 ppm Zn and 0.3 ppm Se/kg, both from organic sources; D4 -control diet and levels of VMS used in D2 and D3), and two environments: thermoneutral (TNA) and cyclic heat stress (CHS) from 14 days of age. Six and five birds per type of supplementation in CHS and TNA, respectively, were inoculated with BSA at 12 and 24 days. Birds serum at 35 days-old was analyzed by ELISA. Supplementation with vitamins and minerals did not influence antibody production of broilers challenged with BSA. Heat stress improved antibody anti-BSA production regardless of...
RESUMO -Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da debicagem e do tipo de bebedouro sobre o desempenho produtivo de codornas japonesas, 672 fêmeas de codornas de um dia foram usadas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e distribuídas em um dos três tratamentos como não-debicagem; debicagem até 1/3 dos bicos; e cauterização, com oito repetições de 28 aves na fase de cria. As aves foram debicadas aos 21 dias de idade e, no 35 dia, foram avaliados o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e a taxa de mortalidade. Aos 39 dias, 576 codornas foram remanejadas para gaiolas de postura, distribuídas em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, composto de três tipos de debicagem e dois tipos de bebedouro (taça e nipple), de modo que cada combinação foi avaliada com quatro repetições de 24 aves. A fase de produção teve início quando as aves atingiram 50% de produção de ovos, aos 60 dias de idade. As codornas submetidas a debicagem por cauterização apresentaram menor ganho de peso e menor consumo de ração na fase de cria. O estresse pela dor com a debicagem por cauterização pode justificar não só o menor consumo e o menor ganho de peso, como também a maior mortalidade. Infere-se que este método, por ser mais demorado, tenha provocado mais dor e maior nível de estresse, piorando o desempenho das aves. A debicagem de 1/3 dos bicos cortados pode ter ocasionado estresse menos intenso às aves, não interferindo no desempenho. Não se observaram diferenças no desempenho das aves e na qualidade de ovos entre os tipos de bebedouro e métodos de debicagem utilizado na fase de produção. O método de debicagem por cauterização influencia o desempenho de codornas na fase de cria, mas, na fase de produção, assim como o tipo de bebedouro utilizado, não interfere no desempenho das aves nem na qualidade de ovos.Palavras-chave: cauterização, coturnicutura, manejo, nipple, taça Beak trimming method and drinking system and a their effect on the performance and egg quality of japanese quails ABSTRACT -A total of 672 one day old-female quails was allotted to a completely randomized experimental design, with three treatments (non-trimmed birds; 1/3 of the beak trimmed and cauterized beak), 8 replicates of 28 birds to evaluate the effect of beak trimming and drinking system on productive performance. The birds were beak trimmed at 21 days of age, and at day 35 the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and mortality were evaluated. At day 39, 576 quails were transfered to laying cages, and assigned to a 3x2 factorial arrangement, to evaluate three beak trimming methods and two drinking systems (cup and nipple) by using four replicates of 24 birds each. The production phase started when the birds reached 50% egg production, at 60 days of age. The quails submitted to beak trimming by cauterization showed smaller weight and lower feed intake during the initial period. Stress pain due to the cauterized beak can justify not only lower feed intake and lower weight gain, but also increased mortality. It can be inferred that once this method takes more ...
This experiment aimed at verifying the effect of different diets and thermal environments on the performance, carcass yield, and diet digestibility of 21 to 42-day-old broilers. A total number of 288 21-day-old male Ross broilers were distributed in a 2 x 2 + 2 factorial arrangement, with six replicates, including the following factors: two environments (TNE - thermoneutral: 21-25ºC and 73% RH; CHS - cyclic heat stress: 25-32ºC and 65%RH), and two diets (control: 2.4% soybean oil and 19.5% protein; summer: 4.0% soybean oil and 18.5% protein). In TNE, two additional treatments were included with feed restriction of birds fed both the control and summer diets (pair-feeding), thereby maintaining the same feed intake level for both types of diet. Diet did not influence performance, dry matter and protein digestibilities, or carcass and part yields. TNE birds had better performance (p<0.001) as compared to CHS birds, but FCR was not different. CHS birds had lower breast yield (p<0.0001), and higher thigh yield (p<0.02) than TNE birds. In the pair-feeding treatments, environment did not influence performance, but dry matter digestibility was significantly lower in CHS (p<0.03), whereas protein digestibility was not affected. The difference in feed intake was the main responsible factor for the variation in the performance of heat-stressed birds
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary trace mineral levels and sources on egg quality parameters of second-cycle semi-heavy layers. A number of 360 72-week-old layers were submitted to forced molting. Upon return of lay (83 weeks of age), birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design of six treatments with six replicates of 10 birds each. The control treatment consisted of 0.10% dietary supplementation of trace minerals from inorganic sources, which was proportionally replaced by five levels (110, 100, 90, 80, 70%) of an organic trace mineral supplement containing 30, 30, 40, 6, 0.61, and 0.3 g/kg product of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, I, and Se, respectively. All diets contained equal protein, energy, and amino acid levels. Every 28 days of the experimental period (112 days) four eggs per replicate were collected for egg quality evaluation. The following parameters were evaluated: specific gravity, yolk, albumen and eggshell percentages, yolk index, Haugh units, and eggshell thickness and breaking strength. One sample per replicate, consisting of the pool of the yolks of three eggs collected at the end of each experimental period, was used to assess protein and mineral (Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) contents. The results were submitted to ANOVA, and means to the test of Tukey at 5% significance level. The evaluated trace mineral levels and sources did not influence any of the studied egg quality parameters. It was concluded that reducing organic trace mineral supplementation in up to 70% relative to 100% inorganic trace mineral supplementation does not affect egg parameters and therefore, can be applied to the diet of semi-heavy layers in their second cycle of lay.
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