Sttmmtry.Ml.MS mosquitoes and 4^53 ofhcr anhropods coltcctetJ at three cenires in QueenslaiKJ in I972>1976 yiekfcd ISl strains or 18 viruses. CuJex annuiirossm was the m^jor source of virus noUtion but 42 strains from AeJes nurmoitemis indicate it IO Iw a vector of importance. Ross River and Kokobera viruses *trc isdatod at Kownnyama in the dry season, a finding of inicmt a^ being compariNc %kith yearround \urvival in vector-vertebrate cyiiies. Cule.v fatigam has in pan replaced Culex an/iuliroitrii in pchdomestic breedmg sites at Kouanyama: the inrrcquency or virus botatlon from ii ^uggc^I^ that this replacement may lower arK>viriis infcLtian rales. Twelve Mrainv were iJcntified as viruses antigenically diMlnci from any previously Motnted in Australia or NCNV Guinea: 0)16129. shown by the Intcrniitional Reference Centre for Arboviruses to be a previously undescribed nKnibcr of the Sinibu Group (f-awy's Paddock virus). Chl631.1 (Murwch). ChI9.S20 (Parker's I arm) iitid Chl9546 (Little Sussex). The remaining strains were idcntilicd ns viruses previously known in Au-ilrnthi, hut included many new host or geographical record**.
The growth of four viruses isolated from lizards in Brazil (Marco, Chaco, and Timbo viruses) and Australia (Almpiwar virus) was studied in a variety of continuous cell lines of mammalian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine origin. Although replication was found in certain cell lines derived from the coldblooded species, cytopathic effect (CPE) was absent or minimal and growth was less than or equal to that in mammalian cells. Those observations appear to limit the value of poikilothermic cells for primary isolation of viruses from field-collected, cold-blooded vertebrates or arthropods that feed upon them. The four reptilian viruses were found to be naturally occurring temperature sensitive agents, with optima for growth of approximately 30 degrees C. Electron microscope studies showed three of the viruses (Marco, Chaco, and Timbo) to be new members of the family Rhabdoviridae. Marco virus particles were conically shaped and resembled bovine ephemeral fever virus, and two lyssaviruses (Kotonkan and Obodhiang). Chaco and Timbo viruses were cylindrical viruses resembling other rhabdoviruses with particle lengths longer than the prototype VSV. No serologic relationships were found in cross complement fixation tests between these viruses, Marco virus, and 34 other rhabdoviruses.
An enzyme immunoassay producing either a chromogenic or fluorogenic end product was developed and evaluated for detecting La Crosse viral antigen within mosquito pools. The enzyme immunoassay was found to be sensitive, detecting one infected mosquito within a pool of 100 mosquitoes, and specific, distinguishing between closely related California group viruses. Assays were completed within 5 h after the addition of test samples. La Crosse viral antigen could be readily detected in mosquito pools after seven freeze-thaw cycles.
Cell culture-derived antigens detected antibodies to alphaviruses in human sera with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results correlated with those from hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests.
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