domaine public 111 7 Ananas Sébastien Leclerc. Source gallica.bnrf.fr / Bibliothèque Nationale de France, domaine public 115 8 Comme on retourne la tortue, Sébastien Leclerc. Source gallica.bnrf.fr / Bibliothèque Nationale de France, domaine public 133 9 Frontispice Histoire générale des Antilles, Sébastien Leclerc. Source gallica.bnrf .fr / Bibliothèque Nationale de France, domaine public 145
This chapter proposes to trace French early modern understandings of the word vernacular in order to see what kinds of conceptual possibilities lie in the very history of the word. The investigation takes its cue from what could be identified as a quest for the moment of emergence of literatures within recent theories of world literature, a search in which the notion of the vernacular has come to play a crucial role. Alexander Beecroft argues that "a language is a dialect with a literature" and that the process of language emerging through and with the creation of literature is best described in terms of vernacularisation. 1 Following Sheldon Pollock, he suggests that vernacularisation translates into "the historical process of choosing to create a written literature, along with its compliment, a political discourse, in local languages according to models supplied by superordinate, usually cosmopolitan, literary culture". 2 Some 15 years earlier Pascale Casanova made a similar case. Taking the European (or more precisely the French) history as her point of departure, she claims that vernacularisation is mainly economically motivated since it occurred at
Fanon seems to have played an exceptional role in Scandinavia, and especially in Sweden. Last year's appearance of Göran Olsson's documentary film Concerning Violence. Nine Scenes from the Anti-Imperialistic Self Defense, based on the first chapter of Les Damnés de la terre and narrated by Lauryn Hill, only goes to show that he is still highly relevant. When working toward the completion of this special issue on Frantz Fanon in a Caribbean context, I came to reflect upon his position in the North wondering if it would be possible to map Fanon's presence in Sweden, and from this mapping, understand why Fanon has been a prevailing reference for academics, intellectuals and artists. Studying Fanon's presence involves various subjects and disciplines since it raises questions of how the Left has evolved, of how certain concepts are transposed from one language and context to another reality in another language depending on factors such as who introduced Fanon, through which channels and to what purpose. What follows here is an essayistic pilot-study, more based on conversations and observations than on theory and methodology. Hopefully, it will offer the reader a basic outline and a description of a phenomenon in what we can call a "peripherical translation zone" that may, even though it is incomplete, contribute to decentering translation studies, and allow us to estimate the tremendous impact of Fanon in this region, an impact that, as we shall soon see, has far more ramifications than one would tend to believe.
This article outlines a theory of world literary reading that takes language and the making of boundaries between languages as its point of departure. A consequence of our discussion is that world literature can be explored as uneven translingual events that make linguistic tensions manifest either at the micro level of the individual text or at the macro level of publication and circulation-or both. Two case studies exemplify this. The first concerns an episode in the institutionalization of Shakespeare as a global canonical figure in 1916, with a specific focus on the South African writer Sol Plaatje's Setswana contribution to A Book of Homage to Shakespeare. The second case discusses how Edwidge Danticat's novel The Farming of Bones (1998) evokes the bodily and affective charge of boundary-making by troubling the border between Haitian and Dominican speech. Keywordstranslingualism -World Literature -Edwidge Danticat -Solomon T. Plaatje -Shakespeare * We wish to express our gratitude for generous funding from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, facilitating the writing of this article.
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